Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium.
| Title: | Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Taylor AE; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK.; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; Fluharty ME; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK.; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; Bjørngaard JH; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Forensic Department, Research Centre Bröset St. Olav's University Hospital Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway.; Gabrielsen ME; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Skorpen F; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Marioni RE; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; Campbell A; Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Engmann J; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.; Mirza SS; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.; Loukola A; University of Helsinki, Hjelt institute, Helsinki, Finland.; Laatikainen T; University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health & Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland.; Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.; Hospital District of North Karelia, Joensuu, Finland.; Partonen T; Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.; Kaakinen M; Institute of Health Sciences, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.; Biocenter Oulu, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.; Ducci F; South West London and St George's Mental Health Trust, London, UK.; Cavadino A; Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK.; Husemoen LLN; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark.; Ahluwalia TS; Metabolic Genetics Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Jacobsen RK; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark.; Skaaby T; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark.; Ebstrup JF; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark.; Mortensen EL; Institute of Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.; Minica CC; Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Vink JM; Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Willemsen G; Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Marques-Vidal P; Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.; Dale CE; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; Amuzu A; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; Lennon LT; Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL, London, UK.; Lahti J; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.; Palotie A; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.; The Medical and Population Genomics Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland.; Räikkönen K; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.; Wong A; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health, Ageing at UCL, UK.; Paternoster L; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK.; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; Wong AP; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.; Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.; Horwood LJ; Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.; Murphy M; Childhood Cancer Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Johnstone EC; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Kennedy MA; Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.; Pausova Z; Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.; Paus T; Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.; Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.; Ben-Shlomo Y; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; Nohr EA; Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.; Kuh D; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health, Ageing at UCL, UK.; Kivimaki M; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.; Eriksson JG; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland.; Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland.; Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.; Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland.; Morris RW; Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL, London, UK.; Casas JP; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK.; Preisig M; Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Switzerland.; Boomsma DI; Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Linneberg A; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark.; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup University Hospital, Denmark.; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.; Power C; Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK.; Hyppönen E; Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK.; School of Population Health and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.; Veijola J; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.; Jarvelin MR; Institute of Health Sciences, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.; Biocenter Oulu, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.; Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.; Korhonen T; University of Helsinki, Hjelt institute, Helsinki, Finland.; University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health & Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland.; Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.; Tiemeier H; Department of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.; Kumari M; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.; Porteous DJ; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Hayward C; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Romundstad PR; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Smith GD; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK.; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; Munafò MR; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK.; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. |
| Source: | BMJ open [BMJ Open] 2014 Oct 07; Vol. 4 (10), pp. e006141. Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Oct 07. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Observational Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101552874 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2044-6055 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20446055 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMJ Open Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: [London] : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2011- |
| MeSH Terms: | Anxiety/*epidemiology ; Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology ; Depression/*epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder/*epidemiology ; Smoking/*epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological/*epidemiology; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics ; Smoking/genetics ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Causality ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult |
| Abstract: | Objectives: To investigate whether associations of smoking with depression and anxiety are likely to be causal, using a Mendelian randomisation approach.; Design: Mendelian randomisation meta-analyses using a genetic variant (rs16969968/rs1051730) as a proxy for smoking heaviness, and observational meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with depression, anxiety and psychological distress.; Participants: Current, former and never smokers of European ancestry aged ≥16 years from 25 studies in the Consortium for Causal Analysis Research in Tobacco and Alcohol (CARTA).; Primary Outcome Measures: Binary definitions of depression, anxiety and psychological distress assessed by clinical interview, symptom scales or self-reported recall of clinician diagnosis.; Results: The analytic sample included up to 58 176 never smokers, 37 428 former smokers and 32 028 current smokers (total N=127 632). In observational analyses, current smokers had 1.85 times greater odds of depression (95% CI 1.65 to 2.07), 1.71 times greater odds of anxiety (95% CI 1.54 to 1.90) and 1.69 times greater odds of psychological distress (95% CI 1.56 to 1.83) than never smokers. Former smokers also had greater odds of depression, anxiety and psychological distress than never smokers. There was evidence for positive associations of smoking heaviness with depression, anxiety and psychological distress (ORs per cigarette per day: 1.03 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.04), 1.03 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.04) and 1.02 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.03) respectively). In Mendelian randomisation analyses, there was no strong evidence that the minor allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with depression (OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.05), anxiety (OR=1.02, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.07) or psychological distress (OR=1.02, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.06) in current smokers. Results were similar for former smokers.; Conclusions: Findings from Mendelian randomisation analyses do not support a causal role of smoking heaviness in the development of depression and anxiety.; (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.) |
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| Grant Information: | PG/13/66/30442 United Kingdom BHF_ British Heart Foundation; R01 HL036310 United States HL NHLBI NIH HHS; G0800612 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; 076113 United Kingdom WT_ Wellcome Trust; R01AG1764406S1 United States AG NIA NIH HHS; G1001799 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; G0100266 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; PG/09/022/26739 United Kingdom BHF_ British Heart Foundation; R01 MH063706 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; G1002319 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; G0802736 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; MH077874 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; R01 HL087679 United States HL NHLBI NIH HHS; R01 DA024413 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; MC_UU_12013/6 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; 068545/Z/02 United Kingdom WT_ Wellcome Trust; PG/07/131/24254 United Kingdom BHF_ British Heart Foundation; 086684 United Kingdom WT_ Wellcome Trust; AG13196 United States AG NIA NIH HHS; R01 MH077874 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; MC_UU_12019/1 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; MR/K023195/1 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; MR/J012165/1 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; RG/08/013/25942 United Kingdom BHF_ British Heart Foundation; 1RL1MH083268-01 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; MR/K026992/1 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; 102215 United Kingdom WT_ Wellcome Trust; R37 AG013196 United States AG NIA NIH HHS; MR/K023233/1 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; U01 DK062418 United States DK NIDDK NIH HHS; 284167 International ERC_ European Research Council; 0090049 United Kingdom DH_ Department of Health; MC_PC_15018 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; HL36310 United States HL NHLBI NIH HHS; 092731 United Kingdom WT_ Wellcome Trust; MC_UU_12013/1 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; R01DA024413 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; CZD/16/6/4 United Kingdom CSO_ Chief Scientist Office; MC_PC_U127561128 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; G0500539 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; G0000934 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; UL1 TR001425 United States TR NCATS NIH HHS; R01 AG017644 United States AG NIA NIH HHS; R01 AG013196 United States AG NIA NIH HHS; R01 DA018673 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; HS06516 United States HS AHRQ HHS; RG/13/16/30528 United Kingdom BHF_ British Heart Foundation; RL1 MH083268 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; G0600705 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; MR/J01351X/1 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Mendelian randomisation; Smoking |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins); 0 (Receptors, Nicotinic); 0 (CHRNA5 protein, human); 0 (CHRNB4 protein, human) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20141009 Date Completed: 20150611 Latest Revision: 20260128 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC4187451 |
| DOI: | 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006141 |
| PMID: | 25293386 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Observational Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.