Clinical Outcomes in 3343 Children and Adults With Rheumatic Heart Disease From 14 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Two-Year Follow-Up of the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the REMEDY Study).
| Title: | Clinical Outcomes in 3343 Children and Adults With Rheumatic Heart Disease From 14 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Two-Year Follow-Up of the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the REMEDY Study). |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Zühlke L; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Karthikeyan G; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Engel ME; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Rangarajan S; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Mackie P; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Cupido-Katya Mauff B; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Islam S; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Daniels R; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Francis V; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Ogendo S; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Gitura B; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Mondo C; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Okello E; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Lwabi P; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Al-Kebsi MM; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Hugo-Hamman C; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Sheta SS; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Haileamlak A; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Daniel W; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Goshu DY; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Abdissa SG; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Desta AG; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Shasho BA; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Begna DM; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; ElSayed A; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Ibrahim AS; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Musuku J; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Bode-Thomas F; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Yilgwan CC; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Amusa GA; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Ige O; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Okeahialam B; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Sutton C; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Misra R; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Abul Fadl A; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Kennedy N; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Damasceno A; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Sani MU; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Ogah OS; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Elhassan TO; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Mocumbi AO; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Adeoye AM; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Mntla P; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Ojji D; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Mucumbitsi J; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Teo K; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Yusuf S; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.).; Mayosi BM; From Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., M.E.E., B.C., R.D., V.F., B.M.M.); Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.Z., C.H.-H.); Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.R., P.M., S.I., K.T., S.Y.); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.M.); Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya (S.O.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (B.G.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (C.M.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (E.O., P.L.); Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Sana'a, Al-Thawrah Cardiac Center, Yemen (M.M.A.-K.); Paediatric Cardiology Service, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia (C.H.-H.); Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt (S.S.S.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia (A.H., W.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (D.Y.G., S.G.A., A.G.D., B.A.S., D.M.B.); Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan (A.E., A.S.I.); University Teaching Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka (J.M.); Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (F.B.-T., C.C.Y., G.A.A., O.I., B.O.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (C.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa (R.M.); Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt (A.A.F.); Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre (N.K.); Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (M.U.S.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O., A.M.A.); Nigeria Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Abia State (O.S.O.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (O.S.O., T.O.); Ahmed Gasim Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan (H.H.M.E.); Instituto Nacional de Saúde and Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.O.M.); Department of Cardiology, Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Tshwane, South Africa (P.M.); Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (D.O.); and Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda (J.M.). bongani.mayosi@uct.ac.za. |
| Source: | Circulation [Circulation] 2016 Nov 08; Vol. 134 (19), pp. 1456-1466. Date of Electronic Publication: 2016 Oct 04. |
| Publication Type: | Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Multicenter Study |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0147763 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1524-4539 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00097322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Circulation Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Hagerstown, MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Original Publication: [Dallas, Tex., etc., American Heart Association, etc.] |
| MeSH Terms: | Registries*; Endocarditis/*mortality ; Heart Failure/*mortality ; Rheumatic Heart Disease/*mortality ; Stroke/*mortality; Africa/epidemiology ; Asia/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Developing Countries ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged |
| Abstract: | Background: There are few contemporary data on the mortality and morbidity associated with rheumatic heart disease or information on their predictors. We report the 2-year follow-up of individuals with rheumatic heart disease from 14 low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia.; Methods: Between January 2010 and November 2012, we enrolled 3343 patients from 25 centers in 14 countries and followed them for 2 years to assess mortality, congestive heart failure, stroke or transient ischemic attack, recurrent acute rheumatic fever, and infective endocarditis.; Results: Vital status at 24 months was known for 2960 (88.5%) patients. Two-thirds were female. Although patients were young (median age, 28 years; interquartile range, 18-40), the 2-year case fatality rate was high (500 deaths, 16.9%). Mortality rate was 116.3/1000 patient-years in the first year and 65.4/1000 patient-years in the second year. Median age at death was 28.7 years. Independent predictors of death were severe valve disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-3.11), congestive heart failure (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.70-2.72), New York Heart Association functional class III/IV (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.32-2.10), atrial fibrillation (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.10-1.78), and older age (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.02 per year increase) at enrollment. Postprimary education (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.85) and female sex (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.52-0.80) were associated with lower risk of death. Two hundred and four (6.9%) patients had new congestive heart failure (incidence, 38.42/1000 patient-years), 46 (1.6%) had a stroke or transient ischemic attack (8.45/1000 patient-years), 19 (0.6%) had recurrent acute rheumatic fever (3.49/1000 patient-years), and 20 (0.7%) had infective endocarditis (3.65/1000 patient-years). Previous stroke and older age were independent predictors of stroke/transient ischemic attack or systemic embolism. Patients from low- and lower-middle-income countries had significantly higher age- and sex-adjusted mortality than patients from upper-middle-income countries. Valve surgery was significantly more common in upper-middle-income than in lower-middle- or low-income countries.; Conclusions: Patients with clinical rheumatic heart disease have high mortality and morbidity despite being young; those from low- and lower-middle-income countries had a poorer prognosis associated with advanced disease and low education. Programs focused on early detection and the treatment of clinical rheumatic heart disease are required to improve outcomes.; (© 2016 American Heart Association, Inc.) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: countries; developing; heart; morbidity; mortality; outcome assessment; patient; rheumatic heart disease; valves |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20161006 Date Completed: 20170428 Latest Revision: 20260127 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| DOI: | 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024769 |
| PMID: | 27702773 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Multicenter Study