Spectral characteristics of urine specimens from healthy human volunteers analyzed using Raman chemometric urinalysis (Rametrix).
| Title: | Spectral characteristics of urine specimens from healthy human volunteers analyzed using Raman chemometric urinalysis (Rametrix). |
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| Authors: | Senger RS; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; DialySenors, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Kavuru V; Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, United States of America.; Sullivan M; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Gouldin A; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Lundgren S; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Merrifield K; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Steen C; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Baker E; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Vu T; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Agnor B; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Martinez G; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Coogan H; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Carswell W; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Karageorge L; Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, United States of America.; Dev D; Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, United States of America.; Du P; Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Sklar A; Lewis-Gale Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, United States of America.; Orlando G; Department of Surgical Sciences - Transplant, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America.; Pirkle J Jr; Department of Internal Medicine - Nephrology, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America.; Robertson JL; DialySenors, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, United States of America.; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America. |
| Source: | PloS one [PLoS One] 2019 Sep 27; Vol. 14 (9), pp. e0222115. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Sep 27 (Print Publication: 2019). |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science |
| MeSH Terms: | Urinalysis/*methods ; Urine/*chemistry; Creatinine/urine ; Glycosuria/urine ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods ; Urea/urine ; Urinalysis/statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Discriminant Analysis ; Female ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Principal Component Analysis ; Reference Values ; Young Adult |
| Abstract: | Raman chemometric urinalysis (Rametrix™) was used to analyze 235 urine specimens from healthy individuals. The purpose of this study was to establish the "range of normal" for Raman spectra of urine specimens from healthy individuals. Ultimately, spectra falling outside of this range will be correlated with kidney and urinary tract disease. Rametrix™ analysis includes direct comparisons of Raman spectra but also principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) models, multivariate statistics, and it is available through GitHub as the Rametrix™ LITE Toolbox for MATLAB®. Results showed consistently overlapping Raman spectra of urine specimens with significantly larger variances in Raman shifts, found by PCA, corresponding to urea, creatinine, and glucose concentrations. A 2-way ANOVA test found that age of the urine specimen donor was statistically significant (p < 0.001) and donor sex (female or male identification) was less so (p=0.0526). With DAPC models and blind leave-one-out build/test routines using the Rametrix™ PRO Toolbox (also available through GitHub), an accuracy of 71% (sensitivity=72%; specificity=70%) was obtained when predicting whether a urine specimen from a healthy unknown individual was from a female or male donor. Finally, from female and male donors (n = 4) who contributed first morning void urine specimens each day for 30 days, the co-occurrence of menstruation was found statistically insignificant to Rametrix™ results (p = 0.695). In addition, Rametrix™ PRO was able to link urine specimens with the individual donor with an average of 78% accuracy. Taken together, this study established the range of Raman spectra that could be expected when obtaining urine specimens from healthy individuals and analyzed by Rametrix™ and provides the methodology for linking results with donor characteristics. |
| Competing Interests: | RSS and JLR are unsalaried co-founders of DialySensors, Inc., which intends to commercialize RametrixTM technology. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The following related disclosures and patent applications have been filed with Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties related to this study: 1. Senger, R.S., Robertson, J.L. “Raman-Urinalysis (trademark) for the detection of kidney disease,” Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties (1/4/2018) 2. Senger, R.S., Athamneh, A.I.M., Robertson, J. “Near real-time monitoring of ex vivo organ health and metabolic activity,” Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties (1/13/2014). |
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| Grant Information: | EP-D-15-015 United States EPA EPA |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 8W8T17847W (Urea); AYI8EX34EU (Creatinine) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20190928 Date Completed: 20200316 Latest Revision: 20210110 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC6764656 |
| DOI: | 10.1371/journal.pone.0222115 |
| PMID: | 31560690 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.