Spectral characteristics of urine from patients with end-stage kidney disease analyzed using Raman Chemometric Urinalysis (Rametrix).
| Title: | Spectral characteristics of urine from patients with end-stage kidney disease analyzed using Raman Chemometric Urinalysis (Rametrix). |
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| Authors: | Senger RS; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; DialySenors, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Sullivan M; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Gouldin A; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Lundgren S; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Merrifield K; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Steen C; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Baker E; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Vu T; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Agnor B; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Martinez G; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Coogan H; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Carswell W; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Kavuru V; Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, United States of America.; Karageorge L; Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, United States of America.; Dev D; Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, United States of America.; Du P; Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Sklar A; Lewis-Gale Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, United States of America.; Pirkle J Jr; Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America.; Guelich S; Valley Nephrology Associates, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America.; Orlando G; Department of Surgical Sciences-Transplant, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America.; Robertson JL; DialySenors, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, United States of America.; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.; Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America. |
| Source: | PloS one [PLoS One] 2020 Jan 10; Vol. 15 (1), pp. e0227281. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Jan 10 (Print Publication: 2020). |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Validation Study |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science |
| MeSH Terms: | Kidney Failure, Chronic/*urine ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman/*methods ; Urinalysis/*methods; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Data Accuracy ; Dialysis Solutions ; Female ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Principal Component Analysis ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Young Adult |
| Abstract: | Raman Chemometric Urinalysis (RametrixTM) was used to discern differences in Raman spectra from (i) 362 urine specimens from patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), (ii) 395 spent dialysate specimens from those PD therapies, and (iii) 235 urine specimens from healthy human volunteers. RametrixTM analysis includes spectral processing (e.g., truncation, baselining, and vector normalization); principal component analysis (PCA); statistical analyses (ANOVA and pairwise comparisons); discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC); and testing DAPC models using a leave-one-out build/test validation procedure. Results showed distinct and statistically significant differences between the three types of specimens mentioned above. Further, when introducing "unknown" specimens, RametrixTM was able to identify the type of specimen (as PD patient urine or spent dialysate) with better than 98% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. RametrixTM was able to identify "unknown" urine specimens as from PD patients or healthy human volunteers with better than 96% accuracy (with better than 97% sensitivity and 94% specificity). This demonstrates that an entire Raman spectrum of a urine or spent dialysate specimen can be used to determine its identity or the presence of ESKD by the donor. |
| Competing Interests: | RSS and JLR are unsalaried co-founders of DialySensors, Inc., which intends to commercialize RametrixTM technology. A patent application for the technology has been filed (15/305,940). This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. |
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| Grant Information: | EP-D-15-015 United States EPA EPA |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Dialysis Solutions) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20200111 Date Completed: 20200505 Latest Revision: 20210110 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC6954047 |
| DOI: | 10.1371/journal.pone.0227281 |
| PMID: | 31923235 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Validation Study