The Impact of African Ancestry on Prostate Cancer Disparities in the Era of Precision Medicine.
| Title: | The Impact of African Ancestry on Prostate Cancer Disparities in the Era of Precision Medicine. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Lewis DD; Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.; Cropp CD; Department of Pharmaceutical, Social and Administrative Sciences, Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA. |
| Source: | Genes [Genes (Basel)] 2020 Dec 08; Vol. 11 (12). Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Dec 08. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Review |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101551097 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2073-4425 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20734425 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Genes (Basel) Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Basel : MDPI |
| MeSH Terms: | Black or African American* ; Healthcare Disparities* ; Precision Medicine*; Prostatic Neoplasms/*therapy; Prostatic Neoplasms/ethnology ; Humans ; Male |
| Abstract: | Prostate cancer disproportionately affects men of African ancestry at nearly twice the rate of men of European ancestry despite the advancement of treatment strategies and prevention. In this review, we discuss the underlying causes of these disparities including genetics, environmental/behavioral, and social determinants of health while highlighting the implications and challenges that contribute to the stark underrepresentation of men of African ancestry in clinical trials and genetic research studies. Reducing prostate cancer disparities through the development of personalized medicine approaches based on genetics will require a holistic understanding of the complex interplay of non-genetic factors that disproportionately exacerbate the observed disparity between men of African and European ancestries. |
| References: | Urol Int. 2012;89(3):270-4. (PMID: 22796946); Prostate. 2007 Jan 1;67(1):22-31. (PMID: 17031815); EBioMedicine. 2015 Oct 31;2(12):1957-64. (PMID: 26844274); J Appl Gerontol. 2016 Oct;35(10):1058-76. (PMID: 25669876); J Clin Oncol. 2013 May 10;31(14):1748-57. (PMID: 23569316); Soc Sci Med. 2005 Sep;61(5):965-75. (PMID: 15955398); Prostate. 2019 Jul;79(10):1191-1196. (PMID: 31090091); Sci Adv. 2019 Oct 09;5(10):eaaw7238. (PMID: 31633016); Eur Urol. 2017 May;71(5):740-747. (PMID: 27989354); Eur Urol. 2016 Jul;70(1):14-17. (PMID: 26443432); Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 15;20(18):4925-34. (PMID: 25056375); Hum Genet. 2001 Apr;108(4):335-45. (PMID: 11379880); Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Oct;67(4):1014-9. (PMID: 10986046); N Engl J Med. 2012 Jan 12;366(2):141-9. (PMID: 22236224); J Gen Intern Med. 2003 Oct;18(10):845-53. (PMID: 14521648); Annu Rev Public Health. 2011;32:381-98. (PMID: 21091195); Cancer Res. 2006 Sep 1;66(17):8337-41. (PMID: 16951139); J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Jul 2;89(13):955-9. (PMID: 9214675); NCHS Data Brief. 2020 Feb;(360):1-8. (PMID: 32487284); Am J Public Health. 2012 May;102(5):945-52. (PMID: 22420809); Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Feb;76(2):268-75. (PMID: 15625622); PLoS One. 2014 Mar 13;9(3):e91666. (PMID: 24626295); Eur Urol. 2014 Sep;66(3):489-99. (PMID: 24484606); BMC Genet. 2009 Jul 24;10:39. (PMID: 19630973); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Feb;12(2):120-6. (PMID: 12582021); J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Dec 20;92(24):2009-17. (PMID: 11121463); Science. 2002 Nov 15;298(5597):1337-8. (PMID: 12434037); Nat Genet. 2007 May;39(5):638-44. (PMID: 17401364); Br J Cancer. 2004 Jan 26;90(2):510-4. (PMID: 14735201); Int Neurourol J. 2016 Nov;20(Suppl 2):S112-119. (PMID: 27915474); Prostate. 2010 Feb 15;70(3):270-5. (PMID: 19902474); Nurs Res. 2009 Nov-Dec;58(6):452-6. (PMID: 19918156); Genome Biol. 2018 Feb 15;19(1):21. (PMID: 29448949); Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1405-13. (PMID: 18469265); Am J Surg. 2007 Jan;193(1):32-9; discussion 40. (PMID: 17188084); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Mar;13(3):340-5. (PMID: 15006906); Genetics. 2015 Aug;200(4):1285-95. (PMID: 26092716); Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2006;9(3):230-4. (PMID: 16683009); Nutr Cancer. 2005;53(1):33-41. (PMID: 16351504); Nutr Cancer. 2002;42(1):1-9. (PMID: 12235639); Genome Res. 2007 Dec;17(12):1717-22. (PMID: 17978284); J Urol. 2007 Feb;177(2):444-9. (PMID: 17222606); J Urol. 2004 Feb;171(2 Pt 2):S19-24. (PMID: 14713748); J Urol. 2019 Apr;201(4):735-741. (PMID: 30414956); Carcinogenesis. 2011 Aug;32(8):1107-21. (PMID: 21464040); J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2019 Feb;6(1):133-142. (PMID: 29959759); PLoS Genet. 2011 May;7(5):e1001387. (PMID: 21637779); Cancer. 2014 Oct 1;120(19):3025-32. (PMID: 24965506); J Immigr Minor Health. 2009 Oct;11(5):391-9. (PMID: 19225888); Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jan;103(1):153-60. (PMID: 26561618); Hum Genet. 2014 May;133(5):509-21. (PMID: 24185611); Ann Oncol. 2017 May 1;28(5):1098-1104. (PMID: 28453693); Am J Epidemiol. 2016 Nov 15;184(10):720-731. (PMID: 27777219); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 Aug;23(8):1505-11. (PMID: 24802741); Nat Genet. 2011 Jun;43(6):570-3. (PMID: 21602798); J Urol. 2010 Dec;184(6):2297-302. (PMID: 20952028); N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19;367(3):203-13. (PMID: 22808955); N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 20;348(12):1170-5. (PMID: 12646676); J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 Jun 1;86(11):872-3. (PMID: 8182772); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Jul;10(7):743-8. (PMID: 11440959); Cancer. 2003 Apr 15;97(8):1894-903. (PMID: 12673715); J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 May 2;93(9):705-9. (PMID: 11333293); JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Mar 2;3(3):e201839. (PMID: 32232449); Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Feb;66(2):539-46. (PMID: 10677314); J Natl Med Assoc. 2013 Summer;105(2):173-82. (PMID: 24079218); Cancer Res. 2016 Apr 1;76(7):1860-8. (PMID: 26921337); Am J Prev Med. 2009 Dec;37(6 Suppl 1):S195-200. (PMID: 19896019); CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Jan;68(1):7-30. (PMID: 29313949); Endocr Relat Cancer. 2003 Jun;10(2):225-59. (PMID: 12790786); J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Dec 19;99(24):1836-44. (PMID: 18073375); Health Promot Pract. 2009 Oct;10(4):485-9. (PMID: 19809000); J Natl Med Assoc. 1996 Oct;88(10):630-4. (PMID: 8918067); Infect Agent Cancer. 2009 Feb 10;4 Suppl 1:S2. (PMID: 19208207); J Clin Oncol. 2015 Sep 1;33(25):2789-96. (PMID: 26195723); J Oncol Pract. 2013 Nov;9(6):294-9. (PMID: 24130255); J Natl Cancer Inst. 1965 Aug;35(2):291-7. (PMID: 5827237); J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987 May;78(5):869-74. (PMID: 3471995); Ethn Dis. 2012 Spring;22(2):226-30. (PMID: 22764647); Nat Genet. 2013 Apr;45(4):385-91, 391e1-2. (PMID: 23535732); Ann Oncol. 2016 Dec;27(12):2146-2148. (PMID: 27573566); JAMA Oncol. 2015 Jun;1(3):342-9. (PMID: 26181184); Cancer Discov. 2017 Sep;7(9):973-983. (PMID: 28515055); Asian J Androl. 2016 Jul-Aug;18(4):530-2. (PMID: 27034017); Br J Cancer. 2012 Sep 25;107(7):1017-21. (PMID: 23011540); Cancer Causes Control. 2007 Feb;18(1):41-50. (PMID: 17315319); CA Cancer J Clin. 2016 Jul;66(4):290-308. (PMID: 26910411); Urology. 2008 Sep;72(3):641-6. (PMID: 18295314); Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Aug 11;22(15):3181-6. (PMID: 8065934); PLoS Genet. 2020 Feb 14;16(2):e1008641. (PMID: 32059012); Int J Cancer. 2007 Aug 15;121(4):791-5. (PMID: 17455251); Urology. 1997 May;49(5):726-31. (PMID: 9145978); Prostate. 2014 Sep;74(13):1266-77. (PMID: 25053105); JAMA. 2018 Dec 18;320(23):2479-2481. (PMID: 30561471); BMJ. 1988 Sep 17;297(6650):713-5. (PMID: 3147735); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Mar;11(3):243-7. (PMID: 11895872); J Clin Oncol. 2002 Sep 1;20(17):3599-604. (PMID: 12202660); BMC Public Health. 2007 Jul 05;7:142. (PMID: 17615055); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Apr;18(4):1285-9. (PMID: 19318432); Eur Urol. 2018 Mar;73(3):445-451. (PMID: 28778619); Cancer. 2020 Apr 15;126(8):1683-1690. (PMID: 31984482); Prostate. 2018 Apr;78(5):321-326. (PMID: 29356034); Anticancer Res. 2009 May;29(5):1659-63. (PMID: 19443382); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999 Jan;8(1):25-34. (PMID: 9950236); Urology. 2009 Dec;74(6):1296-302. (PMID: 19962532); J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Jan 15;89(2):166-70. (PMID: 8998186); Cancer. 2018 Feb 15;124(4):752-759. (PMID: 29084350); Br J Cancer. 2008 Jan 29;98(2):502-7. (PMID: 18182994); Int J Cancer. 2011 Nov 15;129(10):2400-7. (PMID: 21207418); Cancer. 2004 Mar 1;100(5):1017-25. (PMID: 14983498); Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2016 Dec;9(12):933-941. (PMID: 27651069); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Sep;10(9):943-7. (PMID: 11535545); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 Nov;23(11):2303-10. (PMID: 24812039); Prostate. 2015 Mar 1;75(4):390-8. (PMID: 25408531); Prostate. 1997 Feb 1;30(2):79-84. (PMID: 9051145); Science. 2016 Feb 5;351(6273):564-5. (PMID: 26912690); Health Aff (Millwood). 2005 Mar-Apr;24(2):398-408. (PMID: 15757923); BMC Bioinformatics. 2011 Jun 18;12:246. (PMID: 21682921); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018 Aug;27(8):845-857. (PMID: 29348298); Nat Genet. 2007 Aug;39(8):977-83. (PMID: 17603485); J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jan 1;36(1):25-33. (PMID: 29035642); Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2019 Sep;22(3):406-410. (PMID: 30542053); Nat Genet. 2007 May;39(5):645-9. (PMID: 17401363); Int J Cancer. 2007 Sep 15;121(6):1339-45. (PMID: 17487838); Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Nov;88(5):1297-303. (PMID: 18996866); Nat Rev Urol. 2009 Aug;6(8):429-39. (PMID: 19657377); Urology. 2009 Mar;73(3):620-3. (PMID: 19100607); J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017 Aug 1;109(8):. (PMID: 29117387); Prostate Cancer. 2015;2015:465184. (PMID: 26347821); Prostate. 2011 Jun 15;71(9):985-97. (PMID: 21541975); Urology. 1999 Feb;53(2):378-80. (PMID: 9933058); Int J Cancer. 2010 Dec 15;127(12):2893-917. (PMID: 21351269); Int J Mol Sci. 2013 Jul 25;14(8):15510-31. (PMID: 23892597); Ann Oncol. 2005 Jan;16(1):152-7. (PMID: 15598953); Prostate Cancer. 2013;2013:560857. (PMID: 23476788); Lipids Health Dis. 2019 Nov 3;18(1):189. (PMID: 31677641); Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Jul;42(1):127-34. (PMID: 4014062); Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Jun;72(6):1492-1504. (PMID: 12817591); Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):654-5. (PMID: 9841421); Prostate. 2014 Dec;74(16):1579-88. (PMID: 25252079); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Jul;18(7):2145-9. (PMID: 19549807); Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Aug 1;176(3):240-52. (PMID: 22781428); Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Jan;76(1):82-90. (PMID: 15570555); Nat Genet. 2008 Mar;40(3):281-3. (PMID: 18264098); Proc Nutr Soc. 2008 Aug;67(3):253-6. (PMID: 18452640); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Jan;12(1):64-7. (PMID: 12540506); Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Oct;20(8):1431-40. (PMID: 19526319); Prostate. 2012 Sep 1;72(12):1366-73. (PMID: 22234922); Eur J Cancer Prev. 2002 Aug;11 Suppl 2:S94-100. (PMID: 12570341); Med Care. 2006 May;44(5 Suppl):I64-72. (PMID: 16625066); Lancet. 1998 Mar 28;351(9107):934-9. (PMID: 9734939); Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Jul;21(7):1071-80. (PMID: 20333462); Cancer. 2020 Jan 1;126(9):1949-1957. (PMID: 32012234); J Urol. 2003 Apr;169(4):1591. (PMID: 12641088); Health Place. 2010 Sep;16(5):876-84. (PMID: 20462784); Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 1;12(19):5713-9. (PMID: 17020975); J Health Soc Behav. 2006 Sep;47(3):209-26. (PMID: 17066773); Am J Public Health. 2001 Aug;91(8):1251-3. (PMID: 11499113); J Med Genet. 2006 Jun;43(6):507-11. (PMID: 16155194); Socius. 2020 Jan-Dec;6:. (PMID: 34734117); PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e27130. (PMID: 22073129); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015 Sep;24(9):1366-72. (PMID: 26108461); Semin Radiat Oncol. 2017 Jan;27(1):3-10. (PMID: 27986209); J Urol. 2003 Apr;169(4):1589-90. (PMID: 12641086); J Clin Oncol. 2004 Feb 1;22(3):439-45. (PMID: 14691120); J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016 Jan 27;108(7):. (PMID: 26823525); Ethn Dis. 2001 Autumn;11(3):484-95. (PMID: 11572415); JAMA. 2020 Jan 21;323(3):211-212. (PMID: 31841578); Med Hypotheses. 2011 Dec;77(6):1121-4. (PMID: 21968274); J Natl Med Assoc. 1998 Mar;90(3):141-5. (PMID: 9549977); Urology. 2017 Jan;99:76-83. (PMID: 27667157); Cancer. 2009 Nov 15;115(22):5263-71. (PMID: 19670453); Urology. 2016 Sep;95:88-94. (PMID: 27318264); J Urol. 2019 Dec;202(6):1209-1216. (PMID: 31246547); J Natl Cancer Inst. 1968 Jan;40(1):43-68. (PMID: 5635018); Am J Public Health. 2006 May;96(5):826-33. (PMID: 16380565); Urology. 2009 Jul;74(1):185-90. (PMID: 19428088); PLoS Med. 2006 Feb;3(2):e19. (PMID: 16318411); Nutr J. 2015 Dec 21;14:125. (PMID: 26689289); J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 Dec 6;87(23):1747-59. (PMID: 7473831); Genome Med. 2009 Jan 21;1(1):8. (PMID: 19348695); Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Jul;67(1):170-81. (PMID: 10827107); J Hum Genet. 2008;53(3):220-226. (PMID: 18217192); Int J Cancer. 2015 Mar 1;136(5):1210-7. (PMID: 25044450); Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22(3):163-72. (PMID: 17334819); Int J Cancer. 2001 Jun 1;92(5):683-6. (PMID: 11340572); Prostate. 2013 May;73(6):668-76. (PMID: 23129512); Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Jul;67(1):82-91. (PMID: 10820130); J Clin Oncol. 2015 Apr 1;33(10):1101-3. (PMID: 25691679); Br J Cancer. 2005 Oct 31;93(9):1057-61. (PMID: 16205693); Lancet. 1992 Aug 8;340(8815):346-50. (PMID: 1353813); Am J Prev Med. 2018 Nov;55(5 Suppl 1):S103-S111. (PMID: 30670195); Hum Genet. 2013 Jan;132(1):5-14. (PMID: 23064873); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Feb;15(2):211-6. (PMID: 16492907); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Sep 19;103(38):14068-73. (PMID: 16945910); Nature. 2016 Oct 12;538(7624):161-164. (PMID: 27734877); Am J Med Sci. 2001 Nov;322(5):248-50. (PMID: 11721795); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Sep;18(9):2460-7. (PMID: 19723918); J Natl Med Assoc. 2005 Jul;97(7):951-6. (PMID: 16080664); Nat Genet. 2008 Mar;40(3):316-21. (PMID: 18264097); Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 15;16(14):3539-47. (PMID: 20606036); JAMA. 2004 Jun 9;291(22):2720-6. (PMID: 15187053); Neoplasia. 2014 Jan;16(1):14-20. (PMID: 24563616); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011 May;20(5):844-53. (PMID: 21467239); Cancer Causes Control. 2001 Aug;12(6):557-67. (PMID: 11519764); Cancer Epidemiol. 2011 Oct;35(5):480-4. (PMID: 21193363); Am J Public Health. 2013 Dec;103(12):2119-21. (PMID: 24134371); Diabetologia. 2005 Apr;48(4):649-56. (PMID: 15759110); Prostate. 2018 Apr;78(5):370-376. (PMID: 29356057); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 1;94(7):3320-3. (PMID: 9096391); Urol Oncol. 2016 Oct;34(10):431.e1-8. (PMID: 27318894); Nat Rev Urol. 2016 Feb;13(2):99-107. (PMID: 26718455); Nat Genet. 2006 Aug;38(8):904-9. (PMID: 16862161); N Engl J Med. 1998 Jan 15;338(3):171-9. (PMID: 9428819); J Genet. 2010 Dec;89(4):417-23. (PMID: 21273692); Prostate. 2008 Feb 15;68(3):296-305. (PMID: 18163429); Health Psychol. 2016 Apr;35(4):407-11. (PMID: 27018733); Curr Oncol Rep. 2011 Feb;13(1):71-6. (PMID: 21080117); Clin Prostate Cancer. 2004 Sep;3(2):98-103. (PMID: 15479493); J Urol. 2004 Apr;171(4):1504-7. (PMID: 15017208); Am J Public Health. 1997 Nov;87(11):1773-8. (PMID: 9366634); PLoS One. 2015 Aug 19;10(8):e0135960. (PMID: 26287376); EMBO J. 1997 Nov 3;16(21):6355-63. (PMID: 9351818); Ethn Dis. 2004 Summer;14(3):431-9. (PMID: 15328946); Cancer. 2006 Mar 15;106(6):1276-85. (PMID: 16475208); Science. 2005 Oct 28;310(5748):644-8. (PMID: 16254181); Genetics. 2000 Jun;155(2):945-59. (PMID: 10835412); Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Jun;62(6):1416-24. (PMID: 9585607); Lancet. 2017 Apr 8;389(10077):1431-1441. (PMID: 28402825); Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Dec;6(12):4810-5. (PMID: 11156239); Med Hypotheses. 2001 Aug;57(2):169-74. (PMID: 11461167); Prostate. 2011 Aug 1;71(11):1167-77. (PMID: 21656827); Prostate. 2011 Jun 1;71(8):857-71. (PMID: 21456068); J Urol. 1997 Jul;158(1):146-9. (PMID: 9186342); CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Nov;68(6):394-424. (PMID: 30207593); Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):1015-9. (PMID: 21852498); N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 24;348(17):1625-38. (PMID: 12711737); Prev Med. 2002 May;34(5):493-501. (PMID: 11969348); Eur J Cancer. 2018 Mar;91:107-115. (PMID: 29413967); J Urol. 2010 May;183(5):1792-6. (PMID: 20299055); Br J Cancer. 1999 Jun;80(7):1107-13. (PMID: 10362125); Am J Public Health. 2016 Aug;106(8):1416-21. (PMID: 27196653); Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Oct;92(10):1583-1591. (PMID: 28982488); Am J Public Health. 2014 Feb;104(2):e16-31. (PMID: 24328648); Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011 Jan;20(1):23-32. (PMID: 21071540); Eur Urol. 2017 May;71(5):697-700. (PMID: 27477529); Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Mar;20(2):211-23. (PMID: 18821021); JAMA Oncol. 2016 Aug 1;2(8):1070-4. (PMID: 27366979); Ecancermedicalscience. 2016 Nov 24;10:695. (PMID: 28101138); Prostate. 2012 Jun 15;72(9):938-47. (PMID: 22615067); J Gen Intern Med. 1999 Sep;14(9):537-46. (PMID: 10491242); Cancer Causes Control. 2009 May;20(4):417-35. (PMID: 19002764); Science. 1996 Nov 22;274(5291):1371-4. (PMID: 8910276); Nat Genet. 2006 Jun;38(6):652-8. (PMID: 16682969); Cancer Causes Control. 1991 Mar;2(2):85-94. (PMID: 1873441); Eur Urol. 2019 May;75(5):743-749. (PMID: 30309687); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 15;89(8):3367-71. (PMID: 1565627); Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Dec;8(13):2437-42. (PMID: 10556291); Metabolism. 1991 Jan;40(1):101-4. (PMID: 1984562); Am J Prev Med. 2009 Dec;37(6 Suppl 1):S192-4. (PMID: 19896018); Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2012 Jun;15(2):144-9. (PMID: 22083266); Hum Genet. 2001 Sep;109(3):253-61. (PMID: 11702204); Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013 Nov 01;3(11):. (PMID: 24186487); Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Sep 1;160(5):436-44. (PMID: 15321840); Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2016 Apr;14(2):105-16. (PMID: 26786562); Am J Prev Med. 2017 Jan;52(1S1):S56-S62. (PMID: 27989294); PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e30950. (PMID: 22479307) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: African ancestry; clinical trials; genetics; health disparity; prostate cancer |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20201211 Date Completed: 20210721 Latest Revision: 20231110 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC7762993 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/genes11121471 |
| PMID: | 33302594 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Review