Global Practice Patterns in the Evaluation of Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey and Expert Recommendations.
| Title: | Global Practice Patterns in the Evaluation of Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey and Expert Recommendations. |
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| Authors: | Shah R; Division of Andrology, Department of Urology, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India.; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Rambhatla A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.; Atmoko W; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.; Martinez M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines.; Ziouziou I; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.; Kothari P; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, B.Y.L Nair Ch Hospital, Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai, India.; Tadros N; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.; Phuoc NHV; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Kavoussi P; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Reproductive Urology, Austin Fertility & Reproductive Medicine/Westlake IVF, Austin, TX, USA.; Harraz A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Mansoura University Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt.; Department of Surgery, Urology Unit, Farwaniya Hospital, Farwaniya, Kuwait.; Department of Urology, Sabah Al Ahmad Urology Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait.; Salvio G; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Endocrinology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.; Gul M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Selçuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.; Hamoda T; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt.; Toprak T; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.; Birowo P; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.; Ko E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA.; Arafa M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.; Ghayda RA; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Institute, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Karthikeyan VS; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology Unit, Department of Urology, Apollo Hospitals, Greams Road, Chennai, India.; Saleh R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.; Russo GI; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.; Pinggera GM; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.; Chung E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.; Savira M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.; Colpi GM; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology and IVF Center, Next Fertility Procrea, Lugano, Switzerland.; Zohdy W; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Sexology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; Pescatori E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynepro Medical, Bologna, Italy.; Park HJ; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.; Medical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.; Fukuhara S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.; Tsujimura A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan.; Rojas-Cruz C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.; Marino A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Reproductive Medicine Unit, ANDROS Day Surgery Clinic, Palermo, Italy.; Mak SK; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Union Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.; Amar E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, American Hospital of Paris, Paris, France.; Ibrahim W; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Care Center in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.; Sindhwani P; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.; Alhathal N; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Busetto GM; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.; Al Hashimi M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Burjeel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE.; Department of Urology, Khalifa University College of Medicine and Health Science, Abu Dhabi, UAE.; El-Sakka A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.; Ramazan A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.; Dimitriadis F; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; 1st Urology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.; Timpano M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Molinette Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.; Jezek D; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department for Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, Reproductive Tissue Bank, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.; Altay B; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.; Zylbersztejn DS; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Fleury Group and Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.; Wong MY; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, International Urology, Fertility and Gynecology Centre, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore.; Moon DG; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.; Wyns C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Gynaecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.; Gamidov S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.; Akhavizadegan H; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.; Franceschelli A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology Unit, University Hospital S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy.; Aydos K; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.; Quang VN; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Center for Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Viet Duc University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Department of Urology, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital, Can Tho, Vietnam.; Ashour S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Sexology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; Al Dayel A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Men's Health Clinic Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; Al-Marhoon MS; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.; Micic S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Uromedica Polyclinic, Belgrade, Serbia.; Binsaleh S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Hussein A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt.; Elbardisi H; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.; Mostafa T; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Sexology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; Taha E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt.; Ramsay J; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.; Zachariou A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.; Abdelrahman IFS; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Sexology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; Department of Andrology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.; Rajmil O; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Fundacio Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain.; Kalkanli A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Taksim Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.; Molina JMC; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hospital Clínico de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; Bocu K; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Niğde Omer Halis Demir University Faculty of Medicine, Nigde, Turkey.; Duarsa GWK; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.; Ceker G; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.; Serefoglu EC; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Biruni University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.; Bahar F; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology Section, Siloam Sriwijaya Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia.; Gherabi N; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Medicine, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria.; Kuroda S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Bouzouita A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty Tunis Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.; Gudeloglu A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.; Ceyhan E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.; Hasan MSM; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.; Musa MU; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Center, Katsina State, Nigeria.; Motawi A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Sexology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; Chak-Lam C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Surgery, S. H. Ho Urology Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.; Taniguchi H; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.; Ho CCK; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia.; Vazquez JFS; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; IVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico.; Mutambirwa S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Dr. George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Medunsa, South Africa.; Gungor ND; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and IVF Unit, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.; Bendayan M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, Poissy, France.; Department of Biology, Reproduction, Epigenetics, Environment and Development, Paris Saclay University, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France.; Giulioni C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.; Baser A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Balıkesir, Turkey.; Falcone M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Molinette Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.; Boeri L; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.; Blecher G; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; Department of Urology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.; Kheradmand A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.; Sethupathy T; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CK Medical Centre Hospital, Erode, India.; Adriansjah R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.; Narimani N; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.; Konstantinidis C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Department, General Hospital of Corinth, Corinth, Greece.; Nguyen TT; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.; Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Department of Urology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Japari A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Deparment of IVF, Fertility Clinic, Telogorejo Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.; Dolati P; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran.; Singh K; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Preclinical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados.; Windsor Medical Centre, Bridgetown, Barbados.; Ozer C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.; Sarikaya S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Gulhane Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.; Sheibak N; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Bosco NJ; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.; Özkent MS; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey.; Le ST; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Deparment of IVF, Fertility Clinic, Telogorejo Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.; Sokolakis I; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Martha-Maria Hospital Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany.; Katz D; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Men's Health Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Surgery, Western Precinct, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Urology, Western Health, Victoria, Australia.; Smith R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.; Truong MN; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Le TV; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Department of Urology and Andrology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Huang Z; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health Systems, Singapore.; Deger MD; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Edirne Sultan 1st Murat State Hospital, Edirne, Turkey.; Arslan U; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.; Calik G; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.; Franco G; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.; Rashed A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, 6th of October University, Giza, Egypt.; Kahraman O; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.; Andreadakis S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Private Practice, Thessaloniki, Greece.; Putra R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, RSUD Ciawi Regional General Hospital, West Java, Indonesia.; Balercia G; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Endocrinology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.; Khalafalla K; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; Department of Urology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.; Cannarella R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.; Tuấn AĐ; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Tam Anh IVF Center, Tam Anh General Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.; El Meliegy A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Sexology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; Zilaitiene B; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.; Ramirez MLZ; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Reproductive Medicine Unit, Español Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico.; Giacone F; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; HERA Center, Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Sant'Agata Li Battiati, Catania, Italy.; Calogero AE; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.; Makarounis K; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology and Andrology, Locus Medicus, Athens, Greece.; Jindal S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology & Reproductive Medicine, Jindal Hospital & Fertility Center, Meerut, India.; Hoai BN; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Banthia R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.; Peña MR; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Instituto de Ginecología y Fertilidad (IFER), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.; Moorthy D; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; IVF Department, Swarupa fertility & IVF Centre, Vijayawada, India.; Adamyan A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Astghik Medical Center, Yerevan, Armenia.; Kulaksiz D; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Trabzon, Turkey.; Kandil H; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Fakih IVF Fertility Center, Abu Dhabi, UAE.; Sofikitis N; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.; Salzano C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; PO San Giovanni Bosco, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Napoli, Italy.; Jungwirth A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; St. Barabara Private Clinic, Bad Vigaun, Austria.; Banka SR; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Androcare Institute of Andrology and Men's Health, Hyderabad, India.; Mierzwa TC; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Centro Universitario em Saude do ABC, Santo André, Brazil.; Turunç T; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Clinic, Iskenderun Gelisim Hospital, Iskenderun, Turkey.; Jain D; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jaipur Golden Hospital, New Delhi, India.; Avoyan A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Astghik Medical Center, Yerevan, Armenia.; Salacone P; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology and Pathophysiology of Reproduction Unit, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy.; Kadıoğlu A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Section of Andrology, Department of Urology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.; Gupta C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India.; Lin H; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.; Shamohammadi I; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Mogharabian N; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Sexual Health and Fertility Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.; Barrett T; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Perth Urology Clinic, Perth, WA, Australia.; Danacıoğlu YO; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey.; Crafa A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.; Daoud S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Laboratory of Histo-Embryology and Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.; Malhotra V; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology and Andrology, VNA Hospital, New Delhi, India.; Almardawi A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Selim OM; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Sexology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; Moussa M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.; Department of Urology, Al Zahraa Hospital, UMC, Beirut, Lebanon.; Haghdani S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Isfahan Fertility and Isfahan, Yazd, Iran.; Duran MB; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey.; Kunz Y; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.; Preto M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Molinette Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.; Eugeni E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.; Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Division of Medical Andrology and Endocrinology of Reproduction, University of Terni, Terni, Italy.; Nguyen T; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Elshahid AR; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.; Suyono SS; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Gladiool IVF, Magelang, Indonesia.; Parikesit D; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.; Nada E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.; Orozco EG; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; IVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.; Boitrelle F; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, Poissy, France.; Department of Biology, Reproduction, Epigenetics, Environment and Development, Paris Saclay University, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France.; Trang NTM; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Jamali M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Military Teaching Hospital, Rabat, Morocco.; Nair R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Reproductive Medicine, Mitera Hospital, Kottayam, India.; Ruzaev M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Clinic, Moscow, Russia.; Gadda F; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.; Thomas C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Department, General Hospital of Corinth, Corinth, Greece.; Ferreira RH; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Santa Casa de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.; Gul U; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Private EPC Hospital, Adana, Turkey.; Maruccia S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy.; Kanbur A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Kanbur Clinic, Thane, India.; Department of Urosurgery, Jupiter Hospital, Thane, India.; Kinzikeeva E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Zucchi Clinical Institutes, Monza, Italy.; Abumelha S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Quang N; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Center for Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Viet Duc University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Department of Urology, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital, Can Tho, Vietnam.; Kosgi R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology and Andrology, AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.; Gokalp F; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mu Stafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkey.; Soebadi MA; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.; Paul GM; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hospital de Clínicas of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.; Sajadi H; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.; Gupte D; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, India.; Ambar RF; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Fleury Group and Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.; Department of Urology, Centro Universitario em Saude do ABC, Santo André, Brazil.; Sogutdelen E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Clarity Health, Chandigarh, India.; Singla K; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Dr. Dradjat Hospital, Serang, Indonesia.; Basurkano A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; IVF Australia, Sydney, Australia.; Kim SHK; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Macquarie School of Medicine, Macquaire University, Sydney, Australia.; Department of Urology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.; Gilani MAS; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.; Nagao K; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.; Brodjonegoro SR; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Prof. Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.; Rezano A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology Study Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.; Elkhouly M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; IVF Department, Bourn Hall Fertility Center, Dubai, UAE.; Mazzilli R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.; Farsi HMA; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Ba HN; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology Unit, ART Center, Vinmec Times City International Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Alali H; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; Kafetzis D; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Orchid IVF Clinic, Dubai, UAE.; Long TQT; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanoi Obstetric and Gynecology Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Alsaid S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; Cuong HBN; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Surgery, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam.; Oleksandr K; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Nephrology and Andrology, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.; Mustafa A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.; Acosta H; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan.; Pai H; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; IVF Department, Bloom IVF Group, Mombai, India.; Şahin B; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.; Arianto E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Prof R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado, Indonesia.; Teo C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore.; Jayaprakash SP; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology Unit, Department of Urology, Apollo Hospitals, Greams Road, Chennai, India.; Rachman RI; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.; Yenice MG; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey.; Sefrioui O; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; African Fertility Center, Casablanca, Morocco.; Paghdar S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; UVA Urology Clinic in Charlottesville, UVA Specialty Care Clinic in Culpeper, Culpeper, VA, USA.; Priyadarshi S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.; Tanic M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, General Hospital, Cuprija, Serbia.; Alfatlawy NK; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Fertility Center of Al-Najaf/Al-Sadr Medical City, Babylon Health Directorate, Iraqi Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq.; Rizaldi F; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.; Vishwakarma RB; Division of Andrology, Department of Urology, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India.; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Kanakis G; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Athens Naval & VA Hospital, Athens, Greece.; Cherian DT; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Deparment, Aster Medcity, Kochi, India.; Lee J; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore.; Galstyan R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.; Keskin H; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.; Wurzacher J; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.; Seno DH; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Persahabatan General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.; Noegroho BS; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.; Margiana R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.; Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.; Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.; Javed Q; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Al-Ahlia Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE.; Castiglioni F; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology Unit, ART Center - San Carlo Clinic, Milan, Italy.; Tanwar R; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Urology Center, Jyoti Hospital, Gurugram, India.; Puigvert A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Institute of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (IANDROMS), Barcelona, Spain.; Kaya C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Health Science University Eskisehir City HPRH, Eskisehir, Turkey.; Purnomo M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.; Yazbeck C; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Reprogynes Medical Institute, Paris, France.; Amir A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia.; Borges E; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Fertility Assisted Fertilization Center, São Paulo, Brazil.; Bellavia M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology and IVF Center, Next Fertility Procrea, Lugano, Switzerland.; Deswanto IA; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.; V VK; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Cure & SK Hospital, Trivandrum, India.; Liguori G; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.; Minh DH; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital, Can Tho, Vietnam.; Siddiqi K; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, UAE.; Colombo F; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynepro Medical, Bologna, Italy.; Zini A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.; Patel N; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Akanksha Hospital and Research Institute, Anand, Gujarat, India.; Çayan S; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, University of Mersin School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey.; Al-Kawaz U; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.; Ragab M; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.; Hebrard GH; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; IVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Puebla, Mexico.; Hoffmann I; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Clinic Halle (Saale), Halle, Germany.; Reproductive Center Dr. Hoffmann, Berlin, Germany.; Efesoy O; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Mersin, Turkey.; Saylam B; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; Department of Urology, Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Mersin, Turkey.; Agarwal A; Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH, USA.; American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. agarwaa32099@outlook.com. |
| Source: | The world journal of men's health [World J Mens Health] 2024 Oct; Vol. 42 (4), pp. 727-748. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 03. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology Country of Publication: Korea (South) NLM ID: 101596899 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2287-4208 (Print) Linking ISSN: 22874208 NLM ISO Abbreviation: World J Mens Health Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Seoul : Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) represents the persistent absence of sperm in ejaculate without obstruction, stemming from diverse disease processes. This survey explores global practices in NOA diagnosis, comparing them with guidelines and offering expert recommendations.; Materials and Methods: A 56-item questionnaire survey on NOA diagnosis and management was conducted globally from July to September 2022. This paper focuses on part 1, evaluating NOA diagnosis. Data from 367 participants across 49 countries were analyzed descriptively, with a Delphi process used for expert recommendations.; Results: Of 336 eligible responses, most participants were experienced attending physicians (70.93%). To diagnose azoospermia definitively, 81.7% requested two semen samples. Commonly ordered hormone tests included serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (97.0%), total testosterone (92.9%), and luteinizing hormone (86.9%). Genetic testing was requested by 66.6%, with karyotype analysis (86.2%) and Y chromosome microdeletions (88.3%) prevalent. Diagnostic testicular biopsy, distinguishing obstructive azoospermia (OA) from NOA, was not performed by 45.1%, while 34.6% did it selectively. Differentiation relied on physical examination (76.1%), serum hormone profiles (69.6%), and semen tests (68.1%). Expectations of finding sperm surgically were higher in men with normal FSH, larger testes, and a history of sperm in ejaculate.; Conclusions: This expert survey, encompassing 367 participants from 49 countries, unveils congruence with recommended guidelines in NOA diagnosis. However, noteworthy disparities in practices suggest a need for evidence-based, international consensus guidelines to standardize NOA evaluation, addressing existing gaps in professional recommendations.; (Copyright © 2024 Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology.) |
| Competing Interests: | The authors have nothing to disclose. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Azoospermia; Diagnosis; Guideline; Infertility, male; Surveys and questionnaires |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20240412 Latest Revision: 20241003 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC11439803 |
| DOI: | 10.5534/wjmh.230333 |
| PMID: | 38606865 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article