Profiles of objective and subjective cognitive function in Post-COVID Syndrome, COVID-19 recovered, and COVID-19 naïve individuals.
| Title: | Profiles of objective and subjective cognitive function in Post-COVID Syndrome, COVID-19 recovered, and COVID-19 naïve individuals. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Bland AR; Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK. a.bland@mmu.ac.uk.; Barraclough M; Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.; Trender WR; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.; Mehta MA; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.; Hellyer PJ; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.; Hampshire A; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.; Penner IK; Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; Elliott R; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; Harenwall S; Primary Care Wellbeing Service, Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK. |
| Source: | Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2024 Jun 11; Vol. 14 (1), pp. 13368. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 11. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101563288 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-2322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20452322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Rep Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: London : Nature Publishing Group, copyright 2011- |
| MeSH Terms: | COVID-19*/psychology ; COVID-19*/complications ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome* ; Cognition*; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/virology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Fatigue ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Stress, Psychological ; Aged ; Self Report |
| Abstract: | Post-COVID Syndrome has emerged as a significant public health concern worldwide with increasing evidence to suggest that individuals who have had an acute COVID-19 infection report lingering memory and attention difficulties, even in individuals who have fully recovered and no longer experiencing symptoms of COVID-19. The present study sought to investigate the profile of objective and subjective cognitive difficulties in people who have Post-COVID Syndrome, people who have fully recovered from an acute COVID infection and people who have never had COVID-19. We further sought to explore the extent to which self-reported fatigue and stress are related to subjective and objective cognitive difficulties. 162 participants including 50 people living with Post-COVID Syndrome, 59 people who have had COVID-19 but have fully recovered and 53 people who have never experienced symptoms of COVID-19 and had never tested positive for COVID-19 were recruited from Academic Prolific to complete a series of online questionnaires and neurocognitive tasks. Subjective cognitive function was measured using the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire and objective cognitive function was measured using the Cognitron cognitive test battery. We found that objective and subjective measures of cognitive function were not significantly related, suggesting that self-reports of "brain fog" are not reflecting objectively measured cognitive dysfunction. A MANOVA revealed that subjective cognitive deficits were driven by heightened perceived stress and fatigue and not significantly related to COVID-19 status. Objective cognitive function, however, was significantly related to perceived stress and COVID status whereby we observed significant objective cognitive deficits in people who have been exposed to an acute COVID-19 infection regardless of whether they had Post-COVID Syndrome or had fully recovered, as compared to people who had never had COVID-19. This suggests that an acute infection can have long term effects on cognitive function, even without persistent COVID-19 symptoms. Encouragingly, objective cognitive function was significantly associated with time since initial infection showing that cognitive deficits improved over time for people who had recovered from COVID-19. However, we did not observe the same improvement in individuals with Post-COVID Syndrome and observed that cognitive dysfunction was significantly related to the number of neurological symptoms presently experienced. These results add to the accumulating literature that COVID-19 is associated with significant cognitive difficulties following a COVID-19 infection, which appear to improve over time for those who have recovered from COVID-19 yet persist in people living with Post-COVID Syndrome.; (© 2024. The Author(s).) |
| References: | J Neurol. 2014 Jul;261(7):1300-8. (PMID: 24740819); Crit Care. 2019 Jul 12;23(1):253. (PMID: 31300016); Neuropharmacology. 2013 Jan;64:496-505. (PMID: 22884611); Brain. 2022 Nov 21;145(11):4097-4107. (PMID: 36065116); Nature. 2022 Apr;604(7907):697-707. (PMID: 35255491); Psychol Aging. 2006 Sep;21(3):545-57. (PMID: 16953716); J Prim Care Community Health. 2021 Jan-Dec;12:21501319211067674. (PMID: 34939506); Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Aug 15;55(4):628-35. (PMID: 16874786); Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2019 Jul 10;16:10. (PMID: 31333805); J Clin Med. 2022 Oct 21;11(20):. (PMID: 36294534); Brain Behav Immun Health. 2022 May;21:100425. (PMID: 35156065); J Neurol Sci. 2022 Mar 15;434:120162. (PMID: 35121209); J Neurol. 2024 Jan;271(1):79-86. (PMID: 38055020); Wellcome Open Res. 2019 Apr 1;4:63. (PMID: 31069261); Brain Commun. 2022 Jan 19;4(1):fcab295. (PMID: 35128398); BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 5;20(1):397. (PMID: 32503444); J Affect Disord. 2020 Dec 1;277:55-64. (PMID: 32799105); Mult Scler. 2009 Dec;15(12):1509-17. (PMID: 19995840); Psychol Aging. 2006 Sep;21(3):535-44. (PMID: 16953715); Cells. 2023 Mar 06;12(5):. (PMID: 36899952); EClinicalMedicine. 2023 Jul 21;62:102086. (PMID: 37654669); J Rheumatol. 2012 Jul;39(7):1371-7. (PMID: 22660804); Br J Clin Psychol. 1982 Feb;21(1):1-16. (PMID: 7126941); Global Health. 2020 Jul 6;16(1):57. (PMID: 32631403); EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Sep;39:101044. (PMID: 34316551); Crit Care. 2023 May 15;27(1):188. (PMID: 37189173); Nat Med. 2022 Nov;28(11):2406-2415. (PMID: 36138154); Radiology. 2020 Oct;297(1):E232-E235. (PMID: 32384020); J Health Soc Behav. 1983 Dec;24(4):385-96. (PMID: 6668417); Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Feb;7(2):191-207. (PMID: 31732482); Neuropsychology. 2014 May;28(3):394-405. (PMID: 24364389); Neuropsychology. 2010 Sep;24(5):573-80. (PMID: 20804245); Front Aging Neurosci. 2019 Mar 01;11:43. (PMID: 30881301); Front Public Health. 2023 Mar 27;11:1023907. (PMID: 37050953); J Med Virol. 2022 Mar;94(3):979-984. (PMID: 34672377); Brain. 2021 May 7;144(4):1263-1276. (PMID: 33822001); Brain Behav Immun. 2022 Mar;101:93-135. (PMID: 34973396); Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 2013 May;4(3):245-261. (PMID: 26304203); Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015 Apr;16(4):213-25. (PMID: 25783612); Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023 Feb 03;19:311-319. (PMID: 36761395); Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2022 Feb;9(2):141-154. (PMID: 35060361); Stress Health. 2024 Feb;40(1):e3285. (PMID: 37341705); Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2017 Aug 30;266:146-152. (PMID: 28667881); N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):2268-2270. (PMID: 32294339); Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1151-3. (PMID: 22116887); Eur J Neurol. 2022 Jun;29(6):1685-1696. (PMID: 35239247); Brain Behav Immun Health. 2020 Dec;9:100163. (PMID: 33111132); EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Dec 01;55:101762. (PMID: 36474804); Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022 Dec;16(12):102660. (PMID: 36351871); J Psychosom Res. 2022 Dec;163:111063. (PMID: 36327530); Nat Neurosci. 1998 May;1(1):69-73. (PMID: 10195112); CNS Spectr. 2019 Feb;24(1):4-15. (PMID: 30714555); Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Mar;21(3):133-146. (PMID: 36639608); J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;79(2):143-6. (PMID: 17595236); Brain Behav. 2018 Apr 06;8(5):e00956. (PMID: 29761009); Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Jan 29;74(2):278-287. (PMID: 33912905); Gerontologist. 2016 Dec;56(6):e109-e127. (PMID: 27342440) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Fatigue; Long-COVID; Objective cognition; Post-COVID; Stress; Subjective cognition |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20240611 Date Completed: 20240611 Latest Revision: 20240614 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC11166972 |
| DOI: | 10.1038/s41598-024-62050-x |
| PMID: | 38862569 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article