Family income and polygenic scores are independently but not interactively associated with cognitive performance among youth genetically similar to European reference populations.
| Title: | Family income and polygenic scores are independently but not interactively associated with cognitive performance among youth genetically similar to European reference populations. |
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| Authors: | Paul SE; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA.; Elsayed NM; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA.; Colbert SMC; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.; Bogdan R; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA.; Hatoum AS; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA.; Barch DM; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA.; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA. |
| Source: | Development and psychopathology [Dev Psychopathol] 2025 Oct; Vol. 37 (4), pp. 2011-2025. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Nov 05. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Cambridge University Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8910645 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-2198 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09545794 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dev Psychopathol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, c1989- |
| MeSH Terms: | Cognition*/physiology ; Multifactorial Inheritance*/genetics ; Income* ; Social Class*; White People/genetics ; White People/psychology ; Humans ; Child ; Male ; Female ; Executive Function ; Europe ; Neuropsychological Tests |
| Abstract: | Cognitive abilities are heritable and influenced by socioeconomic status (SES). It is critical to understand the association between SES and cognition beyond genetic propensity to inform potential benefits of SES-based interventions and to determine if such associations vary across (i) cognitive domains, (ii) facets of SES, and/or (iii) genetic propensity for different aspects of cognition. We examined the contributions of neighborhood socioeconomic advantage, family income, and polygenic scores (PGS) for domains of cognition (i.e., general cognitive ability, executive function, learning and memory, fluid reasoning) in a sample of children (ages 9-10; n = 5549) most genetically similar to reference populations from Europe. With some variability across cognitive outcomes, family income and PGS were independently significantly associated with cognitive performance. Within-sibling analyses revealed that cognitive PGS associations were predominantly driven by between-family effects suggestive of non-direct genetic mechanisms. These findings provide evidence that SES and genetic propensity to cognition have unique associations with cognitive performance in middle childhood. These results underscore the importance of environmental factors and genetic influences in the development of cognitive abilities and caution against overinterpreting associations with PGS of cognitive and educational outcomes as predominantly direct genetic effects. |
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| Grant Information: | F31 AA029934 United States AA NIAAA NIH HHS; K01 AA030083 United States AA NIAAA NIH HHS; R01 DA054750 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; U01 DA041120 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: cognitive ability; familial income; gene-environment interaction; neighborhood advantage; polygenic risk scores |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20241105 Date Completed: 20250905 Latest Revision: 20250908 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC12186736 |
| DOI: | 10.1017/S0954579424001573 |
| PMID: | 39498480 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article