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Microplastics in wastewater and the role of local wastewater treatment stations in controlling microplastic pollution: a case study from Vietnam.

Title:	Microplastics in wastewater and the role of local wastewater treatment stations in controlling microplastic pollution: a case study from Vietnam.
Authors:	Doan TO; Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, No 41A, Phu Dien Street, Hanoi, Bac Tu Liem, Viet Nam.; Duong TT; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. duongthuy0712@gmail.com.; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. duongthuy0712@gmail.com.; Pham LA; University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. pham-le.anh@usth.edu.vn.; Nguyen TM; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Pham PT; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Nguyen TAN; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Hoang TQ; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Phuong NN; GERS-LEE Université Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, 44344, Bouguenais, France.; Le TPQ; Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Le ND; Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Cao TN; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Institute of Human Geography, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 1 Lieu Giai Street, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Le TT; Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, No 41A, Phu Dien Street, Hanoi, Bac Tu Liem, Viet Nam.; Hoang TTH; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Nguyen XC; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.; Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.; Hoang VTK; Thuy Loi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Gasperi J; GERS-LEE Université Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, 44344, Bouguenais, France.
Source:	Environmental monitoring and assessment [Environ Monit Assess] 2025 Mar 18; Vol. 197 (4), pp. 420. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Mar 18.
Publication Type:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Journal Info:	Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8508350 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2959 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01676369 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Monit Assess Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Publication: 1998- : Dordrecht : Springer; Original Publication: Dordrecht, Holland ; Boston : D. Reidel Pub. Co., c1981-
MeSH Terms:	Wastewater/chemistry ; Microplastics/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Environmental Monitoring*; Vietnam
Abstract:	Wastewater has been identified as one of the main contributors to microplastic (MP) pollution in aquatic environments. Hence, this study investigates the presence, characteristics of MPs in wastewater sample types (industrial, domestic, and medical wastewater), and also the removal efficacy of MPs by local wastewater treatment stations. Overall, industrial wastewater showed a higher MP abundance level at 60,881 ± 48,154 items/m³, compared to domestic and medical wastewater with values of 31,494 ± 10,142 items/m³ and 35,453 ± 13,186 items/m³, respectively. Fiber and fragment were the main shapes observed among the MPs found in all wastewater samples, and the dominant form was microfiber, ranging from 63 to 97.5% of total MPs. The performance of local wastewater treatment stations showed varied efficiencies in MP removal, ranging between 15.8 ± 5 and 90.2 ± 1.3%. Domestic wastewater treatment stations showed lower MP removal effectiveness, at 43.9 ± 13.1%, while treatment stations receiving industrial and medical wastewater achieved 59.5 ± 20.7 and 69.6 ± 22.1% of removal efficiencies, respectively. As estimated, 2.9 × 10¹⁰ microplastic items could be emitted to the water bodies around Hanoi every day, which MPs originated from domestic wastewater accounted for 80.3% due to its high discharge volume and inadequate treatment capacity. Optimization of the septic tank system operation and the sewage sludge treatment processes could prevent secondary contamination of MPs, while an additional primary sedimentation step could improve the overall MP elimination efficacy of the studied treatment stations. The results from this study suggested that more in-depth investigations were required for a proper understanding of the migration routes of MPs from different anthropogenic activities to wastewater.; (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)
Competing Interests:	Declarations: All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Grant Information:	105.08-2023.24 National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED)
Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: Domestic; Industrial and medical wastewater; Microplastic; Removal; Wastewater treatment plant
Substance Nomenclature:	0 (Wastewater); 0 (Microplastics); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20250318 Date Completed: 20250513 Latest Revision: 20250513
Update Code:	20260130
DOI:	10.1007/s10661-025-13882-1
PMID:	40100429
Database:	MEDLINE

Journal Article