Swim-up versus density gradients for sperm preparation in infertile couples undergoing intrauterine insemination: a randomized clinical trial.
| Title: | Swim-up versus density gradients for sperm preparation in infertile couples undergoing intrauterine insemination: a randomized clinical trial. |
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| Authors: | Duong TND; IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; HOPE Research Centre, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Dang VQ; HOPE Research Centre, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.; Le TK; HOPE Research Centre, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; IVFMDPN, My Duc Phu Nhuan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Vu ATL; HOPE Research Centre, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Nguyen DL; HOPE Research Centre, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Pham TD; HOPE Research Centre, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Nguyen MT; IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Nguyen PTM; IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Vo TM; IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Nguyen CTH; IVFMDPN, My Duc Phu Nhuan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Le PTB; IVFMDPN, My Duc Phu Nhuan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Le AH; HOPE Research Centre, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; IVFMDPN, My Duc Phu Nhuan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Tran CT; IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; HOPE Research Centre, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Mol BW; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.; Vuong LN; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; Ho TM; IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.; HOPE Research Centre, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. |
| Source: | Human reproduction (Oxford, England) [Hum Reprod] 2025 May 01; Vol. 40 (5), pp. 788-795. |
| Publication Type: | Comparative Study; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Oxford University Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8701199 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1460-2350 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02681161 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Hum Reprod Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press; Original Publication: Oxford ; Washington, DC : Published for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology by IRL Press, [c1986- |
| MeSH Terms: | Infertility*/therapy ; Insemination, Artificial*/methods ; Insemination, Artificial, Homologous*/methods ; Sperm Motility* ; Spermatozoa*; Centrifugation, Density Gradient/methods ; Semen Analysis/methods ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Birth Rate ; Live Birth ; Pregnancy Rate ; Vietnam |
| Abstract: | Study Question: What is the effectiveness of swim-up (SU) and density gradients (DG) for sperm preparation in infertile couples undergoing IUI?; Summary Answer: In infertile couples undergoing IUI, SU and DG did not result in statistically significant different live birth rates.; What Is Known Already: SU and DG are the two most commonly used techniques for sperm preparation in infertile couples undergoing IUI. In the latest Cochrane review, given the very low quality of available data, the authors were uncertain whether there was a difference in clinical pregnancy rates between the two techniques. Furthermore, live birth rate was not reported in any trial.; Study Design, Size, Duration: This open-label, two-centre, randomized clinical trial was conducted at two IVF centres in Vietnam. A sample size of 912 couples was needed to demonstrate a 5% difference between SU and DG (power 0.80, two-sided alpha 5%, loss to follow-up, and cross-over rate 10%). Randomization was performed using a computer-generated random list, with a variable block size of 2, 4, or 6. Assignment to treatment allocation was done via a web portal.; Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: Eligible couples included those who were ≥18 years of age, where the husbands' sperm concentration, progressive motility (PM) rate, and total PM sperm count before sperm preparation were ≥5 × 106/ml, ≥32%, and >5 × 106 (according to the WHO 2010 criteria), respectively. Couples using frozen semen, or couples where the husband's semen was hyperviscous, were not included. On the day of IUI, participants were randomized (1:1 ratio) to undergo either SU or DG. Sperm preparation was performed within 1 h after ejaculation. IUI was performed once at 36-40 h after hCG trigger. Primary outcome was live birth after the first IUI cycle.; Main Results and the Role of Chance: Between 7 August 2020 and 29 October 2022, we randomized 456 couples to SU and 456 couples to DG. Live birth after the first IUI cycle occurred in 55 (12.1%) couples in the SU group and 71 (15.7%) couples in the DG group (relative risk 0.77; 95% CI 0.56 to 1.07). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of other pregnancy outcomes as well as obstetrics and perinatal outcomes.; Limitations, Reasons for Caution: The main limitation of the study was its open-label design, due to the nature of the interventions.; Wider Implications of the Findings: In infertile couples undergoing IUI, SU and DG can both be used for sperm preparation. The decision on which to use might depend more on practical factors such as processing time and how easy it is to standardize the method.; Study Funding/competing Interest(s): The study was funded by My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. B.W.M. is supported by a NHMRC Investigator grant (GNT1176437), reports consultancy, travel support, and research funding from Merck and consultancy for Organon and Norgine, and holds stock from ObsEva. L.N.V. has received grant, speaker, and conference fees from Merck Sharpe and Dohme, and grant, speaker, conference, and scientific board fees from Ferring. T.M.H. has received grant, speaker, and conference fees from Merck Sharpe and Dohme, and grant, speaker, conference, and scientific board fees from Ferring.; Trial Registration Number: NCT04477356.; Trial Registration Date: 6 July 2020.; Date of First Patient’s Enrolment: 10 August 2020.; (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.) |
| Grant Information: | My Duc Hospital |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: IUI; density gradients; intrauterine insemination; live birth; sperm preparation; swim-up |
| Molecular Sequence: | ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04477356 |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20250326 Date Completed: 20250502 Latest Revision: 20250512 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| DOI: | 10.1093/humrep/deaf047 |
| PMID: | 40135621 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial