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Radioactive concentrations and natural radionuclide risks in Ha Long Bay and Ba Che Estuary sediments, Vietnam.

Title:	Radioactive concentrations and natural radionuclide risks in Ha Long Bay and Ba Che Estuary sediments, Vietnam.
Authors:	Nhon DH; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Ha Noi City, Vietnam. nhondh@istee.vast.vn.; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City, Vietnam. nhondh@istee.vast.vn.; Hai PS; Dalat Nuclear Research Institute, Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission, Da Lat City, Vietnam.; Thanh TD; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.; Loan BTT; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.; Institute of Environment, Vietnam Maritime University, Hai Phong City, Vietnam.; Ve ND; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.; Van Vuong B; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.; Luu NTM; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.; Long TH; Institute of Environment, Vietnam Maritime University, Hai Phong City, Vietnam.; Dung PT; Institute of Environment, Vietnam Maritime University, Hai Phong City, Vietnam.; Van Tiep N; Hai Phong Centre for Environmental and Monitoring, Hai Phong Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Hai Phong City, Vietnam.; Chien HT; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.; Nghi DT; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.; Van Nam L; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.; Kha PT; Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.
Source:	Environmental monitoring and assessment [Environ Monit Assess] 2025 May 29; Vol. 197 (6), pp. 695. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 29.
Publication Type:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Journal Info:	Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8508350 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2959 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01676369 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Monit Assess Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Publication: 1998- : Dordrecht : Springer; Original Publication: Dordrecht, Holland ; Boston : D. Reidel Pub. Co., c1981-
MeSH Terms:	Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Radioactive/analysis ; Radiation Monitoring* ; Estuaries*; Radium/analysis ; Bays/chemistry ; Thorium/analysis ; Potassium Radioisotopes/analysis ; Vietnam
Abstract:	Near the coast, the Ba Che Estuary and Ha Long Bay are influenced by both natural processes and man-made activities. The radioactive contents of ²²⁶Ra, ⁴⁰ K, and ²³²Th and the radiation risk indices of nine sediment cores were determined to assess the impact of radiation on the environment and humans. The ⁴⁰ K, ²³²Th, and ²²⁶Ra had average radioactivity concentrations of 383, 41.3, and 24.2 Bq/kg, respectively. The radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed dose rate (ADR), equivalent annual effective dose (AEDE), representative gamma index (Iγr), index active use (AUI), external hazard index (Hex), and annual gonadal equivalent dose (AGDE) were 112.7 Bq/kg, 52.1 nGy/h, 0.06 mSv/year, 0.83, 0.75, 0.30, and 367.7 µSv/year, respectively. These results showed that the ⁴⁰ K and ²²⁶Ra radioactivity concentrations were within the allowable range, while the ²³²Th concentration was higher than the global average. These radionuclides receive their source from the mainland, and there are moderate to strong positive correlations between ⁴⁰ K and ²³²Th and between ²³²Th and ²²⁶Ra. The nine sediment cores were split into two groups: group 1 was close to the shore, and group 2 was both far from and close to the shore. The higher radiation risk indices in group 1 suggested a potential health risk for ecosystems close to the shore.; (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)
Competing Interests:	Declarations. Ethics approval: All authors have read, understood, and complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors,” as found in the Instructions for Authors, and are aware that with minor exceptions, no changes can be made to authorship once the paper is submitted. All of the authors agree with the present submission of this paper. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Grant Information:	VAST05.03/24-25 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; VAST.07.05/24-25 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: Ba Che; Ha Long; Radiation risk indices; Radionuclides; Sediment
Substance Nomenclature:	0 (Water Pollutants, Radioactive); W90AYD6R3Q (Radium); 60YU5MIG9W (Thorium); 0 (Potassium Radioisotopes); 0 (Thorium-232)
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20250529 Date Completed: 20250530 Latest Revision: 20250607
Update Code:	20260130
DOI:	10.1007/s10661-025-14129-9
PMID:	40442487
Database:	MEDLINE

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