SARS-CoV-2 secondary attack rates and risks for transmission among agricultural workers and their households in Guatemala, 2022-2023.
| Title: | SARS-CoV-2 secondary attack rates and risks for transmission among agricultural workers and their households in Guatemala, 2022-2023. |
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| Authors: | Carreon JD; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.; Lamb MM; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA.; Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA.; Chard AN; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.; Calvimontes DM; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA.; Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala.; Iwamoto C; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.; Rojop N; Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala.; Monzon J; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.; Plumb ID; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.; Barrios E; Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala.; Del Cid-Villatoro J; Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala.; Arias K; Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala.; Gomez M; Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala.; Reyes CMP; Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala.; Lopez MR; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.; Chu M; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA.; Lopez B; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.; Barrett BS; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.; Guo K; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.; Santiago M; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.; Bolanos GA; Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala.; Zielinski-Gutierrez E; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.; Azziz-Baumgartner E; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.; Leidman E; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.; Fowlkes A; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.; Asturias EJ; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA.; Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.; Cordon-Rosales C; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.; Olson D; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA.; Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA.; Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala.; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA. |
| Source: | IJID regions [IJID Reg] 2025 May 27; Vol. 16, pp. 100676. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 27 (Print Publication: 2025). |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Elsevier Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9918418183106676 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2772-7076 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 27727076 NLM ISO Abbreviation: IJID Reg Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: [Amsterdam] : Elsevier Ltd., [2021]- |
| Abstract: | Objectives: It is unclear whether agricultural workers working during epidemics frequently introduce respiratory infections into their homes and trigger secondary transmission. We evaluate secondary attack rates (SAR) and transmission risk in households of agricultural workers in Guatemala during the COVID-19 pandemic.; Methods: Households of participants in a workplace surveillance cohort were enrolled from September 2021 to August 2023. All participants reported symptoms twice weekly and provided saliva weekly for SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing. Upon SARS-CoV-2 detection, participants submitted saliva three times per week for 4 weeks. We calculated SARs, and we estimated the risk of transmission to household contacts adjusting for demographic factors, COVID-19 vaccination status, seropositivity, and significant covariates (p ≤ 0.05) in univariable analyses.; Results: Among 83 households with 376 individuals, 48 (58%) had at least one SARS-CoV-2 infection (120 SARS-CoV-2 infections, 0.6 per 100 person-weeks), resulting in 64 secondary (SAR = 0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-0.43) and eight tertiary infections (tertiary attack rate = 0.07, 95% CI 0.03-0.13). The risk of secondary transmission increased by 112% among household contacts whose index cases were positive for ≥11 days (risk ratio: 2.12, 95% CI 1.29-3.49) but did not increase for those whose index case was positive for 6-10 days (risk ratio: 1.40, 95% CI 0.77-2.57) compared to those with index cases positive for ≤5 days.; Conclusions: More than half of agricultural households became infected with SARS-CoV-2 and approximately two-thirds of these had secondary chains of transmission, especially when index cases shed SARS-CoV-2 longer.; (© 2025 The Authors.) |
| Competing Interests: | The authors declare no conflicts of interest. D.O. has research support from Roche Diagnostics, Merck, and Sanofi Pasteur; the study field team received educational support from Roche Diagnostics. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Asymptomatic transmission; Guatemala, agricultural worker health; Household transmission; SARS-CoV-2; Secondary attack rates |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20250703 Latest Revision: 20250704 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC12210297 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100676 |
| PMID: | 40606590 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article