The conformal, high-density SpineWrap microelectrode array for focal stimulation and selective muscle recruitment.
| Title: | The conformal, high-density SpineWrap microelectrode array for focal stimulation and selective muscle recruitment. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Russman SM; Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Montgomery-Walsh R; Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Vatsyayan R; Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Sang U H; Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Diaz-Aguilar LD; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Chang EY; Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA.; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Tang Q; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Lee K; Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Yaksh TL; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Ben-Haim S; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Ciacci J; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Dayeh SA; Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.; Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. |
| Source: | Advanced functional materials [Adv Funct Mater] 2025 Apr 18; Vol. 35 (16). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jan 08. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Wiley-VCH Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101190390 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1616-301X (Print) Linking ISSN: 1616301X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Adv Funct Mater Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH, c2001- |
| Abstract: | Epidural electrical stimulation (EES) of the spinal cord is widely applied for pain management and has garnered considerable interest as a possible route to functional restoration after spinal cord injury. Currently, EES employs bulky, non-conformal paddle arrays with low channel counts. This limits stimulation effectiveness by requiring high stimulation currents, reduces selectivity of muscle recruitment, and requires subject-specific designs to accommodate varied neuroanatomy across the patient population. Here, we report on a thin-film, high-channel count microelectrode array, termed SpineWrap, which wraps around the dorsolateral aspect of the rat spinal cord. SpineWrap delivers focal stimulation to selectively activate muscles due to its unique design features, including its thin substrate, high conformability, high channel count, on-device ground, and the material properties of its platinum nanorod contacts. Through computational and in vivo studies, we show that SpineWrap can selectively recruit muscles in the rat lower limb and identify stimulation hotspots at a submillimeter resolution, maximizing muscle recruitment selectivity. We also investigate the effect of channel count and density on muscle recruitment selectivity and show that rat spinal cord arrays require submillimeter pitches to achieve maximal selectivity. SpineWrap represents an advancement in EES technology and, when adapted to be used chronically, has the potential to improve SCI treatment by providing more refined stimulation. |
| Competing Interests: | Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare the following competing interests not directly related to this work: S.A.D. and S.B.H. have competing interests including equity in Cortical Science Inc. S.A.D. was a paid consultant to MaXentric Technologies. |
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| Grant Information: | T32 EB009380 United States EB NIBIB NIH HHS; I01 BX005952 United States BX BLRD VA; UG3 NS123723 United States NS NINDS NIH HHS; R01 NS123655 United States NS NINDS NIH HHS; DP2 EB029757 United States EB NIBIB NIH HHS |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20250811 Latest Revision: 20260109 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC12330848 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/adfm.202420488 |
| PMID: | 40787278 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article