Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: Examining sex differences and female-specific factors.
| Title: | Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: Examining sex differences and female-specific factors. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Wood Alexander M; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Paterson J; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Arvanitakis Z; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.; Black SE; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Casaletto KB; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.; Christakis MK; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Einstein G; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Galea LAM; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addition and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Harwood L; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Kirkham A; Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Mitchell S; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Azrieli Brain Medicine Fellowship Program, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Pa J; Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS), Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.; Perri L; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Splinter TFL; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Swardfager W; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; VandeBunte AM; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.; Rabin JS; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. |
| Source: | Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association [Alzheimers Dement] 2025 Aug; Vol. 21 (8), pp. e70610. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Review |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101231978 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1552-5279 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15525260 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Alzheimers Dement Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: 2020- : Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; Original Publication: Orlando, FL : Elsevier, Inc. |
| MeSH Terms: | Cardiovascular Diseases*/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases*/complications ; Dementia*/epidemiology ; Alzheimer Disease*/epidemiology ; Sex Characteristics*; Humans ; Female ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Male ; Heart Disease Risk Factors |
| Abstract: | Growing evidence underscores the importance of cardiovascular contributions to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD). While sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and outcomes are well established, the question of whether vascular contributions to AD/ADRD vary by sex has only recently garnered attention. In this narrative review, we discuss sex differences in conventional CVD risk factors (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes), as well as underrecognized female-specific (e.g., menopause history, polycystic ovary syndrome, adverse pregnancy outcomes) and female-predominant (e.g., autoimmune conditions, breast cancer) CVD risk factors. Despite their relevance, these sex-specific considerations are rarely incorporated into current approaches to quantify CVD risk in AD/ADRD research. We offer recommendations to address these gaps and promote the use of sex-informed methods for studying cardiovascular contributions to AD/ADRD in women, which is essential for developing precision strategies to improve outcomes for all individuals at risk of dementia. HIGHLIGHTS: There are extensive sex differences in cardiovascular risk, dementia risk, and their interrelationships. Many cardiovascular risk factors confer greater risk for dementia in women than men. Existing approaches to quantifying cardiovascular risk often overlook sex differences and female-specific factors. Sex-informed approaches are essential for an accurate understanding of cardiovascular contributions to dementia.; (© 2025 The Author(s). Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.) |
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| Grant Information: | CIHR; Alzheimer Society of Canada Research Program; AARG-23-1144933 United States ALZ Alzheimer's Association |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; cardiovascular; dementia; sex differences; women's health |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20250825 Date Completed: 20250825 Latest Revision: 20250829 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC12375877 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/alz.70610 |
| PMID: | 40851413 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article; Review