Synthesis and Evaluation of Mordenite Zeolite (MOR Zeolite) for Selective Caffeine Adsorption From Green Tea Extract.
| Title: | Synthesis and Evaluation of Mordenite Zeolite (MOR Zeolite) for Selective Caffeine Adsorption From Green Tea Extract. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Lai DQ; Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Nguyen HT; Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Nguyen LQ; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Tran VTK; Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. |
| Source: | Journal of food science [J Food Sci] 2025 Nov; Vol. 90 (11), pp. e70602. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Wiley on behalf of the Institute of Food Technologists Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0014052 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1750-3841 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00221147 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Food Sci Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Malden, Mass. : Wiley on behalf of the Institute of Food Technologists; Original Publication: Champaign, Ill. Institute of Food Technologists |
| MeSH Terms: | Caffeine*/chemistry ; Zeolites*/chemistry ; Zeolites*/chemical synthesis ; Tea*/chemistry ; Plant Extracts*/chemistry ; Camellia sinensis*/chemistry; Adsorption ; Kinetics ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration |
| Abstract: | Tea (Camellia sinensis) is prized for its polyphenols, which dictate flavor and confer health benefits, yet its inherent caffeine content poses health risks to vulnerable populations. Therefore, developing methods for producing decaffeinated tea extract is important. This study aims to synthesize mordenite zeolite from kaolin and evaluate its potential application for selective caffeine adsorption in the production of decaffeinated tea beverage. Characterization via x-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of a crystalline mordenite structure. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis demonstrated a specific surface area of 77.9989 m2/g, though residual kaolinite and mica impurities limited the micropore volume to 0.084875 cc/g. We investigated the caffeine adsorption behavior in simulated and green tea extract solutions. In simulated caffeine solutions (400-2000 mg/L), optimal adsorption was achieved at pH 2, yielding a removal efficiency of 90.69% and an adsorption capacity of 14.5 mg/g. However, pH 3 was used for adsorption in the green tea extract, resulting in 85.84% caffeine removal while retaining 78.15% of total polyphenols. The adsorption kinetics of caffeine in both systems were well represented by the pseudo-first-order with R2 > 0.99. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Mordenite zeolite (MOR zeolite) can selectively remove caffeine from green tea extract, creating decaffeinated tea solution while preserving most of its beneficial polyphenols. This process could be applied to industrial manufacturing of green tea extract that is low in caffeine, which is suitable for health-conscious consumers, pregnant women, children, and elderly individuals who want the health benefits of tea without caffeine's side effect.; (© 2025 Institute of Food Technologists.) |
| References: | Adaileh, A., A. H. Ragab, M. A. Taher, et al. 2025. “Development of Cu‐ZnO ZrO2 Based Polyacrylonitrile Polymer Composites for Removing Pharmaceutical Pollutants and Heavy Metals From Wastewater.” Scientific Reports 15, no. 1: 22250.; Adeleye, Q. A., C. M. Attama, O. Egbeobauwaye, and O. Angela. 2023. “Psychosis Following Caffeine Consumption in a Young Adolescent: Review of Case and Literature.” Annals of African Medicine 22, no. 3: 392–394.; Al‐Ghouti, M. A., and D. A. Da'ana. 2020. “Guidelines for the Use and Interpretation of Adsorption Isotherm Models: A Review.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 393: 122383.; Al‐Obaidi, R. S. S., and D. Sahib. 2015. “Determination of Antioxidants Activity in Tea Extract.” American Journal of Biochemistry 5, no. 3: 49–52.; Alver, E., and A. Ü. Metin. 2012. “Anionic Dye Removal From Aqueous Solutions Using Modified Zeolite: Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm Studies.” Chemical Engineering Journal 200: 59–67.; Aly, H. M., M. E. Moustafa, and E. A. Abdelrahman. 2012. “Synthesis of Mordenite Zeolite in Absence of Organic Template.” Advanced Powder Technology 23, no. 6: 757–760.; Archana, S., and J. Abraham. 2011. “Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts From Fresh Green Tea, Commercial Green Tea and Black Tea on Pathogens.” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 1, no. 08: 149–152.; Arenas, L. R., P. Le Coustumer, S. Ramseier Gentile, S. Zimmermann, and S. Stoll. 2023. “Removal Efficiency and Adsorption Mechanisms of CeO2 Nanoparticles Onto Granular Activated Carbon Used in Drinking Water Treatment Plants.” Science of the Total Environment 856: 159261.; Auerbach, S. M., K. A. Carrado, and P. K. Dutta. 2003. Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology. CRC Press.; Azam, S., N. Hadi, N. U. Khan, and S. M. Hadi. 2004. “Prooxidant Property of Green Tea Polyphenols Epicatechin and Epigallocatechin‐3‐Gallate: Implications for Anticancer Properties.” Toxicology In Vitro 18, no. 5: 555–561.; Bachmann, S. A. L., T. Calvete, and L. A. Féris. 2021. “Caffeine Removal From Aqueous Media by Adsorption: An Overview of Adsorbents Evolution and the Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies.” Science of the Total Environment 767: 144229.; Bancirova, M. 2010. “Comparison of the Antioxidant Capacity and the Antimicrobial Activity of Black and Green Tea.” Food Research International 43, no. 5: 1379–1382.; Bansal, K., and A. Chhabra. 2020. “Prevalence and Side Effects of Caffeine Consumption Amongst Medical Students.” Global Journal for Research Analysis 9, no. 9.; Berhaupt‐Glickstein, A., and W. Hallman. 2017. “A Profile of Older Green Tea Consumers in the USA.” British Food Journal 119, no. 12: 2932–2944.; Bolshakov, A., D. E. Romero Hidalgo, A. J. F. van Hoof, N. Kosinov, and E. J. M. Hensen. 2019. “Mordenite Nanorods Prepared by an Inexpensive Pyrrolidine‐Based Mesoporogen for Alkane Hydroisomerization.” ChemCatChem 11, no. 12: 2803–2811.; Cabrera, M., F. Taher, A. Llantada, Q. Do, T. Sapp, and M. Sommerhalter. 2021. “Effect of Water Hardness on Catechin and Caffeine Content in Green Tea Infusions.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 26, no. 12: 3485.; Cantor, B. 2020. “Fick's Laws: Diffusion.” In The Equations of Materials. Oxford University Press.; Dada, A. O., L. D. Felix, B. E. Tokula, et al. 2024. “Effect of pH, Concentration, Contact time, Temperature, and Adsorbent Dosage Operational Parameters on Adsorption of Cu (II) Ions Onto Bamboo‐nZVI.” In 2024 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Driving Sustainable Development Goals (SEB4SDG), 1–6. IEEE.; daSilva, L. T. V., A. D. L. de Freitas, T. de Gois Martins, A. M. de Morais França, A. R. Loiola, and R. F. do Nascimento. 2023. “Comparative Study on the Performance of Two Synthetic Zeolite 4A on the Removal of Heavy Metals From Aqueous Solution—Effect of Coal Fly Ash as Al and Si Source.” Desalination and Water Treatment 310: 157–166.; Didinedin, G. 2006. Ion Exchangers in the Removal of Caffeine From Aqueous Solutions. Middle East Technical University (Turkey).; Dong, Z.‐B., Y.‐R. Liang, F.‐Y. Fan, J.‐H. Ye, X.‐Q. Zheng, and J.‐L. Lu. 2011. “Adsorption Behavior of the Catechins and Caffeine Onto Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, no. 8: 4238–4247.; Ehiomogue, P., I. I. Ahuchaogu, and I. E. Ahaneku. 2021. “Review of Adsorption Isotherms Models.” Acta Technica Corviniensis‐Bulletin of Engineering 14, no. 4: 87.; Eroglu, N., M. Emekci, and C. G. Athanassiou. 2017. “Applications of Natural Zeolites on Agriculture and Food Production.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, no. 11: 3487–3499.; Essam, A., S. I. Eldek, and N. Shehata. 2024. “Management of Caffeine in Wastewater Using MOF and Perovskite Materials: Optimization, Kinetics, and Adsorption Isotherm Modelling.” Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 22, no. 1: 345–360.; Fakioğlu, M., and Y. Kalpaklı. 2022. “Mechanism and Behavior of Caffeine Sorption: Affecting Factors.” RSC Advances 12, no. 41: 26504–26513.; Gaohua, L., X. Miao, and L. Dou. 2021. “Crosstalk of Physiological pH and Chemical pKa Under the Umbrella of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity.” Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 17, no. 9: 1103–1124.; Ghaedi, M. 2021. Adsorption: Fundamental Processes and Applications. Academic press.; Grifasi, N., B. Ziantoni, D. Fino, and M. Piumetti. 2024. “Fundamental Properties and Sustainable Applications of the Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite.” In Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Springer.; Gummadi, S. N., B. Bhavya, and N. Ashok. 2012. “Physiology, Biochemistry and Possible Applications of Microbial Caffeine Degradation.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 93: 545–554.; Harland, C. E 2007. Ion Exchange: Theory and Practice. Royal society of Chemistry.; He, K., N. Chen, C. Wang, L. Wei, and J. Chen. 2018. “Method for Determining Crystal Grain Size by x‐Ray Diffraction.” Crystal Research and Technology 53, no. 2: 1700157.; Hua, Y., G. Liu, Z. Lin, et al. 2024. “Engineering of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks Based on Magnetic Three‐Dimensional Graphene as Effective and Reusable Adsorbent to Enhance the Adsorption and Removal of Caffeine From Tea Samples.” Food Chemistry 431: 137143.; Huy, T. H. G., N. T. T. Phuong, H. G. Quynh, N. V. Dung, N. T. H. Duong, and N. Q. Long. 2024. “Ambient‐Temperature Conversion of Metakaolin To Sub‐Micron LTA Zeolite and Its Copper Ion Removal Efficiency.” Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 27, no. 5: 2503–2511.; ISO, I. S. O 2005. 14502‐1. Determination of Substances Characteristic of Green and Black Tea‐Part 1: Content of Total Polyphenols in Tea‐Colorimetric Method Using Folin–Ciocalteu Reagent. ISO.; James, J. E 2021. “Maternal Caffeine Consumption and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Narrative Review With Implications for Advice to Mothers and Mothers‐to‐Be.” BMJ Evidence‐Based Medicine 26, no. 3: 114–115.; Jensen, H., J. H. Pedersen, J. E. J⊘rgensen, et al. 2006. “Determination of Size Distributions in Nanosized Powders by TEM, XRD, and SAXS.” Journal of Experimental Nanoscience 1, no. 3: 355–373.; Jermjun, K., R. Khumho, M. Thongoiam, et al. 2023. “Natural Rubber/Hexagonal Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites as Efficient Adsorbents for the Selective Adsorption of (−)‐Epigallocatechin Gallate and Caffeine From Green Tea.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 28, no. 16: 6019.; Jiang, Q., J. He, Y. Wang, et al. 2024. “Efficient Removal of Ammonia–Nitrogen in Wastewater by Zeolite Molecular Sieves Prepared From Coal Fly Ash.” Scientific Reports 14, no. 1: 21064.; Kalvachev, Y., T. Todorova, and C. Popov. 2021. “Recent Progress in Synthesis and Application of Nanosized and Hierarchical Mordenite—A Short Review.” Catalysts 11, no. 3: 308.; Kanda, H., P. Li, and H. Makino. 2013. “Production of Decaffeinated Green Tea Leaves Using Liquefied Dimethyl Ether.” Food and Bioproducts Processing 91, no. 4: 376–380.; Khan, N., and H. Mukhtar. 2007. “Tea Polyphenols for Health Promotion.” Life Sciences 81, no. 7: 519–533.; Kim, K. H., and D.‐B. Park. 2013. “Segmenting Green Tea Consumers by Purchase Motivation in South Korea.” Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 14, no. 2: 164–183.; Klug, H. P., and L. E. Alexander. 1974. X‐Ray Diffraction Procedures: For Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials. Wiley.; Komatsu, Y., S. Suematsu, Y. Hisanobu, H. Saigo, R. Matsuda, and K. Hara. 1993. “Effects of pH and Temperature on Reaction Kinetics of Catechins in Green Tea Infusion.” Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 57, no. 6: 907–910.; Kumar, V., and G. A. Ravishankar. 2009. “Current Trends in Producing Low Levels of Caffeine in Coffee Berry and Processed Coffee Powder.” Food Reviews International 25, no. 3: 175–197.; Lakin, H., P. Sheehan, and V. Soti. 2023. “Maternal Caffeine Consumption and Its Impact on the Fetus: A Review.” Cureus 15, no. 11: e48266.; Latiza, R. J. P., A. Mustafa, K. D. Reyes, K. L. Nebres, and R. V. C. Rubi. 2024. “Adsorbents Derived From Plant Sources for Caffeine Removal: Current Research and Future Outlook.” Engineering Proceedings 67, no. 1: 15.; Lee, L.‐S., S.‐H. Kim, Y.‐B. Kim, and Y.‐C. Kim. 2014. “Quantitative Analysis of Major Constituents in Green Tea With Different Plucking Periods and Their Antioxidant Activity.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 19, no. 7: 9173–9186.; Lee, S. M., H.‐S. Lee, K.‐H. Kim, and K.‐O. Kim. 2009. “Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Decaffeinated Green Teas.” Journal of Food Science 74, no. 3: S135–S141.; Li, N., L. S. Taylor, M. G. Ferruzzi, and L. J. Mauer. 2012. “Kinetic Study of Catechin Stability: Effects of pH, Concentration, and Temperature.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60, no. 51: 12531–12539.; Liu, Y., Q. Bai, S. Lou, D. Di, J. Li, and M. Guo. 2012. “Adsorption Characteristics of (−)‐Epigallocatechin Gallate and Caffeine in the Extract of Waste Tea on Macroporous Adsorption Resins Functionalized With Chloromethyl, Amino, and Phenylamino Groups.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60, no. 6: 1555–1566.; Liu, Y., D. Ying, L. Sanguansri, Y. Cai, and X. Le. 2018. “Adsorption of Catechin Onto Cellulose and Its Mechanism Study: Kinetic Models, Characterization and Molecular Simulation.” Food Research International 112: 225–232.; Lu, J.‐L., M.‐Y. Wu, X.‐L. Yang, et al. 2010. “Decaffeination of Tea Extracts by Using Poly (Acrylamide‐Co‐Ethylene Glycol Dimethylacrylate) as Adsorbent.” Journal of Food Engineering 97, no. 4: 555–562.; Mignoni, M. I. L., D. I. Petkowicz, N. R. C. F. Machado, and S. B. C. Pergher. 2008. “Synthesis of Mordenite Using Kaolin as Si and Al Source.” Applied Clay Science 41, no. 1–2: 99–104.; Miyata, Y., Y. Shida, T. Hakariya, and H. Sakai. 2019. “Anti‐Cancer Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols Against Prostate Cancer.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 24, no. 1: 193.; Mobasherpour, I., E. Salahi, and M. Ebrahimi. 2014. “Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Adsorption of Cu (II) From Aqueous Solutions Onto Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes.” Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 18, no. 6: 792–801.; Muzolf, M., H. Szymusiak, A. Gliszczyńska‐Świgło, I. M. C. M. Rietjens, and B. E. Tyrakowska. 2008. “pH‐Dependent Radical Scavenging Capacity of Green Tea Catechins.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 3: 816–823.; Narayanan, S., P. Tamizhdurai, V. L. Mangesh, C. Ragupathi, and A. Ramesh. 2021. “Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Mordenite Zeolite–Review.” RSC Advances 11, no. 1: 250–267.; Nunes, K. G. P., I. V. J. Davila, D. Arnold, C. H. R. Moura, D. C. Estumano, and L. A. Féris. 2022. “Kinetics and Thermodynamic Study of Laponite Application in Caffeine Removal by Adsorption.” Environmental Processes 9, no. 3: 47.; Oliveira, D. S., R. B. Lima, S. B. C. Pergher, and V. P. S. Caldeira. 2023. “Hierarchical Zeolite Synthesis by Alkaline Treatment: Advantages and Applications.” Catalysts 13, no. 2: 316.; Ortiz, J., M. G. Ferruzzi, L. S. Taylor, and L. J. Mauer. 2008. “Interaction of Environmental Moisture With Powdered Green Tea Formulations: Effect on Catechin Chemical Stability.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 11: 4068–4077.; Pasrija, D., and C. Anandharamakrishnan. 2015. “Techniques for Extraction of Green Tea Polyphenols: A Review.” Food and Bioprocess Technology 8, no. 5: 935–950.; Pendolino, F. 2014. Self‐Assembly of Molecules on Nanostructured Graphene. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.; Plazinski, W., W. Rudzinski, and A. Plazinska. 2009. “Theoretical Models of Sorption Kinetics Including a Surface Reaction Mechanism: A Review.” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 152, no. 1–2: 2–13.; Ponmurugan, P., S. Kavitha, M. Suganya, and B. M. Gnanamangai. 2019. “Tea Polyphenols Chemistry for Pharmaceutical Applications.” In Tea—Chemistry and Pharmacology. IntechOpen.; Portinho, R., O. Zanella, and L. A. Féris. 2017. “Grape Stalk Application for Caffeine Removal Through Adsorption.” Journal of Environmental Management 202: 178–187.; Proctor, A., and J. F. Toro‐Vazquez. 1996. “The Freundlich Isotherm in Studying Adsorption in Oil Processing.” Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 73: 1627–1633.; Quintero‐Jaramillo, J. A., J. I. Carrero, and N. R. Sanabria‐González. 2024. “Caffeine Adsorption on a Thermally Modified Bentonite: Adsorbent Characterization, Experimental Design, Equilibrium and Kinetics.” Colloids and Interfaces 8, no. 2: 26.; Rabiei, M., A. Palevicius, A. Monshi, S. Nasiri, A. Vilkauskas, and G. Janusas. 2020. “Comparing Methods for Calculating Nano Crystal Size of Natural Hydroxyapatite Using X‐Ray Diffraction.” Nanomaterials 10, no. 9: 1627.; Rehman, R., and S. Ashraf. 2017. “Analysis of Caffeine Contents in Commercial Beverages and Tea Samples of Pakistan Using UV/Visible Spectrometry.” Bulgarian Chemical Communications 49, no. 4: 823–828.; Rodda, S., N. Booth, J. McKean, A. Chung, J. J. Park, and P. Ware. 2020. “Mechanisms for the Reduction of Caffeine Consumption: What, How and Why.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 212: 108024.; Rudzinski, W., and W. Plazinski. 2006. “Kinetics of Solute Adsorption at Solid/Solution Interfaces: A Theoretical Development of the Empirical Pseudo‐First and Pseudo‐Second Order Kinetic Rate Equations, Based on Applying the Statistical Rate Theory Of Interfacial Transport.” Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110, no. 33: 16514–16525.; Serban, G. V., V. I. Iancu, C. Dinu, et al. 2023. “Removal Efficiency and Adsorption Kinetics of Methyl Orange From Wastewater by Commercial Activated Carbon.” Sustainability 15, no. 17: 12939.; Sevillano, D. M., L. A. M. van der Wielen, N. Hooshyar, and M. Ottens. 2014. “Resin Selection for the Separation of Caffeine From Green Tea Catechins.” Food and Bioproducts Processing 92, no. 2: 192–198.; Shiono, T., K. Yamamoto, Y. Yotsumoto, et al. 2017. “Selective Decaffeination of Tea Extracts by Montmorillonite.” Journal of Food Engineering 200: 13–21.; Soós, R., Á. Gyebrovszki, Á. Tóth, S. Jeges, and M. Wilhelm. 2021. “Effects of Caffeine and Caffeinated Beverages in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: Short Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12389.; Soto, M. L., A. Moure, H. Domínguez, and J. C. Parajó. 2011. “Recovery, Concentration and Purification of Phenolic Compounds by Adsorption: A Review.” Journal of Food Engineering 105, no. 1: 1–27.; Sun, L., Y. Guo, C. Fu, J. Li, and Z. Li. 2013. “Simultaneous Separation and Purification of Total Polyphenols, Chlorogenic Acid and Phlorizin From Thinned Young Apples.” Food Chemistry 136, no. 2: 1022–1029.; Tan, H.‐L., M. Ojukwu, L.‐X. Lee, and A. M. Easa. 2023. “Quality Characteristics of Green Tea's Infusion as Influenced by Brands and Types of Brewing Water.” Heliyon 9, no. 2: e12638.; Tangtienchai, G. 2015. A Study of the Factors Influencing Purchase Decision of Ready to Drink Green Tea in Bangkok. Bangkok University.; Tu, Y. Y., H. L. Xia, and N. Watanabe. 2005. “Changes in Catechins During the Fermentation of Green Tea.” Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 41: 574–577.; Unsal, S., and N. Sanlier. 2025. “Longitudinal Effects of Lifetime Caffeine Consumption on Levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: A Comprehensive Review.” Current Nutrition Reports 14, no. 1: 1–14.; Villarroel‐Rocha, J., D. Barrera, J. J. Arroyo‐Gómez, and K. Sapag. 2020. “Critical Overview of Textural Characterization of Zeolites by Gas Adsorption.” In New Developments in Adsorption/Separation of Small Molecules by Zeolites. Springer.; Vuong, Q. V., and P. D. Roach. 2014. “Caffeine in Green Tea: Its Removal and Isolation.” Separation & Purification Reviews 43, no. 2: 155–174.; Wang, J., and X. Guo. 2020. “Adsorption Kinetic Models: Physical Meanings, Applications, and Solving Methods.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 390: 122156.; Warren, B. E. 1990. X‐Ray Diffraction. Courier Corporation.; Willson, C. 2018. “The Clinical Toxicology of Caffeine: A Review and Case Study.” Toxicology Reports 5: 1140–1152.; Wu, Y.‐C., Y.‐H. Wei, and H.‐S. Wu. 2021. “Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Ectoine Using Dowex® HCR‐S Ion‐Exchange Resin.” Processes 9, no. 11: 2068.; Yasuda, S., M. Hisamura, T. Hirano, et al. 2021. “Caffeine Poisoning Successfully Treated by Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Emergency Hemodialysis.” Acute Medicine & Surgery 8, no. 1: e627.; Zhong, J.‐L., N. Muhammad, Y.‐C. Gu, and W.‐D. Yan. 2019. “A Simple and Efficient Method for Enrichment of Cocoa Polyphenols From Cocoa Bean Husks With Macroporous Resins Following a Scale‐Up Separation.” Journal of Food Engineering 243: 82–88.; Zhou, A., and E. Hyppönen. 2019. “Long‐Term Coffee Consumption, Caffeine Metabolism Genetics, and Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Analysis of Up to 347,077 Individuals and 8368 Cases.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, no. 3: 509–516.; Zhu, Q. Y., R. R. Holt, S. A. Lazarus, et al. 2002. “Stability of the Flavan‐3‐ols Epicatechin and Catechin and Related Dimeric Procyanidins Derived From Cocoa.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, no. 6: 1700–1705.; Zhu, Q. Y., A. Zhang, D. Tsang, Y. Huang, and Z.‐Y. Chen. 1997. “Stability of Green Tea Catechins.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45, no. 12: 4624–4628. |
| Grant Information: | DN2022-20-01 Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Caffeine; Polyphenol; Zeolite; decaffeination; green tea extract |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 3G6A5W338E (Caffeine); 1318-02-1 (Zeolites); 0 (Tea); 0 (Plant Extracts) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20251108 Date Completed: 20251108 Latest Revision: 20251108 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| DOI: | 10.1111/1750-3841.70602 |
| PMID: | 41204434 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article