Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.
| Title: | Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Simonova MA; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBCh RAS), Ul.Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia.; Ivanov I; Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia.; Shoshina NS; Center for Synthetic Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.; Komyakova AM; Center for Synthetic Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.; Makarov DA; Center for Synthetic Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.; Baranovskii DS; Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St., 249036 Obninsk, Russia.; Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Russian University of Medicine, Delegatskaya Str. 20/1, 127473 Moscow, Russia.; University Hospital Basel, Basel University, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.; Klabukov ID; Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St., 249036 Obninsk, Russia.; Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 249020 Obninsk, Russia.; Telepenina KP; Center for Synthetic Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.; Atiakshin DA; Scientific and Educational Resource Center for Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia.; Shegay PV; Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St., 249036 Obninsk, Russia.; Scientific and Educational Resource Center for Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia.; Kaprin AD; Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St., 249036 Obninsk, Russia.; Scientific and Educational Resource Center for Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia.; Stepanenko VN; Center for Synthetic Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia. |
| Source: | International journal of molecular sciences [Int J Mol Sci] 2025 Nov 27; Vol. 26 (23). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 27. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Review |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101092791 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1422-0067 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14220067 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Mol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, [2000- |
| MeSH Terms: | Thymalfasin*/metabolism ; Aging*/immunology ; Thymosin*/analogs & derivatives; Thymus Gland/metabolism ; Thymus Gland/immunology ; Humans ; Animals ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Immunosenescence ; Inflammation |
| Abstract: | Aging is characterized by immune decline, mainly due to thymic involution-the age-related shrinkage of the thymus gland. This leads to reduced T-cell production, chronic inflammation, and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1), a peptide hormone produced by the thymus, exhibits potent immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It helps restore immune function by stimulating T-cell differentiation, enhancing thymic output, and modulating dendritic cell and macrophage activity. Preclinical and clinical studies show that Tα1 can improve vaccine response in the elderly and mitigate immunosenescence. The hybrid drug Refnot (a fusion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and Tα1) combines Tα1's immunomodulation with TNF's antitumor activity but has reduced toxicity. It represents a promising therapeutic approach to counteract age-related immune dysfunction and inflammation, potentially by slowing the aging process. Further research is needed to validate its long-term efficacy and safety in geriatrics. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Refnot; TNF-alpha; aging; immunosenescence; rejuvenation; senescence; thymosin alpha-1; thymus |
| Substance Nomenclature: | W0B22ISQ1C (Thymalfasin); 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha); 61512-21-8 (Thymosin) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20251211 Date Completed: 20251211 Latest Revision: 20251214 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC12692621 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/ijms262311470 |
| PMID: | 41373628 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article; Review