Electrochemical Detection of Organophosphates Using Dual-Modal Enzyme-Based Biosensors.
| Title: | Electrochemical Detection of Organophosphates Using Dual-Modal Enzyme-Based Biosensors. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Johnson ZT; Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States of America.; Trammell SA; Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States of America.; Breger JC; Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States of America.; Erickson JS; Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States of America.; Thakur M; College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States of America.; Medintz IL; Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States of America.; Stenger DA; Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States of America. |
| Source: | Analytical chemistry [Anal Chem] 2026 Jan 20; Vol. 98 (2), pp. 1284-1297. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jan 07. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: American Chemical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0370536 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1520-6882 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00032700 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Anal Chem Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Washington, American Chemical Society. |
| MeSH Terms: | Biosensing Techniques*/methods ; Acetylcholinesterase*/metabolism ; Acetylcholinesterase*/chemistry ; Electrochemical Techniques*/methods ; Organophosphorus Compounds*/analysis ; Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases*/metabolism ; Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases*/chemistry ; Organophosphates*/analysis; Enzymes, Immobilized/metabolism ; Enzymes, Immobilized/chemistry |
| Abstract: | Exposure to organophosphates poses a threat to aquatic ecosystems and the public due to their acute toxicity. The dangers caused by organophosphates motivate the development of technologies for prompt detection. Therefore, engineering a portable and compact device that can monitor organophosphate vapors is vital. Electrochemical biosensors present a unique solution for rapid and selective detection of organophosphates, as these sensors are small and sense in real-time. Herein, this study investigates a dual-modal electrochemical system for the detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a model organophosphate. The enzymes phosphotriesterase (PTE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were chosen for detecting DMMP vapors, as these enzymes chemically engage with the target substrate and produce electrochemically measurable signals. These reaction-specific signals can be read using open circuit potentiometry and amperometry, which produce a turn-on/turn-off signal readout. The turn-on/turn-off signal readout demonstrates the dual-modal mechanism and serves as a complementary verification, thus circumventing the propensity for false positives typically associated with AChE-functionalized biosensors. Deep eutectic solvent films (∼20 μL) compatible with each enzyme were developed to achieve a truly field-deployable device that does not dry out during operation. The PTE- and AChE-modified biosensors yielded detection limits of 17.6 ± 8.7 and 2.5 ± 0.6 ppm, respectively. The dual-sensing device was further validated against a broader range of organophosphates, demonstrating the device's utility as a functional organophosphate sensor. A dual-modal biosensing system presents a unique approach for organophosphate vapor mapping, which results in proper agricultural stewardship. |
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| Substance Nomenclature: | EC 3.1.1.7 (Acetylcholinesterase); 0 (Organophosphorus Compounds); EC 3.1.8.- (Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases); 0 (Organophosphates); 20Z996230U (dimethyl methylphosphonate); 0 (Enzymes, Immobilized) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260107 Date Completed: 20260120 Latest Revision: 20260124 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC12824989 |
| DOI: | 10.1021/acs.analchem.5c04795 |
| PMID: | 41498850 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article