Equipped for success: genomes and metabolomes of the European Amanita muscaria are conserved in its novel South African range.
| Title: | Equipped for success: genomes and metabolomes of the European Amanita muscaria are conserved in its novel South African range. |
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| Authors: | Nickles GR; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Stokes CK; Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Center for Forest Mycology Research, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.; Narh DL; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa.; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.; Lynn KMT; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa.; Fuqua SR; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85712, USA.; Bryan C; Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Allen BM; Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.; Bivins CP; University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.; Woo Bok J; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Brewer JS; Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.; Buthelezi ST; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.; Clark JPRM; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.; Coon KL; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Corby LR; Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.; Coetzee MPA; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa.; Dewing C; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa.; Duong TA; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa.; Harris MA; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.; Keller NP; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Kopotsa K; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.; Faculty of Applied Science, Eduvos, 22 Umgazi Rd, Ashlea Gardens, Pretoria, 0081, South Africa.; Lane FA; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa.; Nichols HL; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Nieuwoudt A; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.; Nuñez MA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5001, USA.; Medina Munoz ME; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Park SC; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Pham NQ; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa.; Ryan KT; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Solís M; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa.; Vilgalys R; Biology Department, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.; Wallace JM; Mississippi Valley State University, Itta Bena, MS, 38941, USA.; Wang YW; Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.; Wingfield BD; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa.; Wingfield MJ; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.; Worley TK; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Zallek TA; Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.; Zamanian M; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Hoeksema JD; Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.; Drott MT; Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.; Pringle A; Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. |
| Source: | The New phytologist [New Phytol] 2026 May; Vol. 250 (3), pp. 1863-1883. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 12. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Wiley on behalf of New Phytologist Trust Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9882884 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-8137 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0028646X NLM ISO Abbreviation: New Phytol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Oxford : Wiley on behalf of New Phytologist Trust; Original Publication: London, New York [etc.] Academic Press. |
| MeSH Terms: | Amanita*/genetics ; Amanita*/metabolism ; Genome, Fungal*/genetics ; Metabolome*/genetics; South Africa ; Phylogeny ; Europe ; Multigene Family ; Animals ; Introduced Species |
| Abstract: | Plants and soils have been moved around the world for centuries, but invasive mushrooms receive scant attention. The Amanita muscaria species complex was introduced to South Africa in the context of forestry, but its origins, ecology and recent evolution are unstudied. We sequenced the genomes of 24 Northern and Southern Hemisphere A. muscaria, built phylogenies and reconstructed its South African history. We identified the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding specialized metabolites (SMs). We subsequently extracted mushrooms' metabolites and used mass spectrometry data to group SMs into unique molecular families (MFs). We tested metabolites for bioactivity against diverse microbes and animals. We identify Europe as the origin of South African A. muscaria. A highly conserved group of BGCs is found in nearly all European and African genomes, and only 13 of 273 MFs are unique to South Africa. Metabolites extracted from all mushrooms kill nematodes, while microbes and flies appear unaffected. The nearly global distribution of the fly agaric results from multiple introductions of a single European clade to the Southern Hemisphere. Despite its long history in South Africa, the fungus has not lost any of its BGCs, suggesting a conservation of function(s) across multiple continents.; (© 2026 The Author(s). New Phytologist © 2026 New Phytologist Foundation.) |
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| Grant Information: | 1953299 National Science Foundation |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking analysis; South Africa; bioactivity; biosynthetic gene clusters; fly agaric; invasive ectomycorrhizal fungi; invasive mushrooms; secondary or specialized metabolites or metabolism |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260312 Date Completed: 20260409 Latest Revision: 20260411 |
| Update Code: | 20260411 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13062730 |
| DOI: | 10.1111/nph.71064 |
| PMID: | 41820030 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article