Investigating prognostic classifications of preexisting multiple long-term conditions for health outcomes 1 year after COVID-19 hospitalization: A UK prospective observational study.
| Title: | Investigating prognostic classifications of preexisting multiple long-term conditions for health outcomes 1 year after COVID-19 hospitalization: A UK prospective observational study. |
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| Authors: | Gardiner LE; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Lozano-Rojas D; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Smith N; Patient Advisory Group, Leicester, UK.; Espley J; Patient Advisory Group, Leicester, UK.; Stewart ID; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.; Ntotsis K; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Aul R; St Georges University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.; Bakerly ND; Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.; Beirne P; The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.; Bolton CE; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK; Centre for Respiratory Research, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.; Brown JS; UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, UK.; Briggs A; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; Chalder T; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.; Chalmers JD; University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.; Choudhury G; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Davies MJ; Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK.; De Soyza A; Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.; Docherty AB; The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Easom N; Infection Research Group, Hull University Teaching Hospitals, Hull, UK.; Echevarria C; The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.; Efstathiou CM; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.; Elneima O; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Fuld J; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.; Geddes JR; NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Goemans AF; Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK.; Greenhalf W; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.; Greening NJ; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Guillen-Guio B; Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.; Harris VC; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Harrison EM; The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Hart N; Lane Fox Clinical Respiratory Physiology Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.; Heaney LG; Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.; Heller S; Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.; Ho LP; MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Horsley A; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; Houchen-Wolloff L; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Howard L; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.; Hurst JR; University College London, London, UK.; Iqbal MM; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Jacob J; UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, UK; UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, London, UK; UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK.; Jenkins G; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.; Jolley C; Kings College London, London, UK.; Jones M; Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.; Kerr S; Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Khunti K; Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK.; Leavy OC; Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK.; Lewis K; Hywel Dda University Health Board.; Lone NI; The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Lord JM; MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; Man WD; Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.; Marks M; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; McAuley HJC; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; McCann GP; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre.; Neubauer S; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Openshaw PJ; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.; Parekh D; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; Pfeffer P; Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.; Poinasamy K; Asthma and Lung UK, London, UK.; Porter JC; UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, UK.; Quint JK; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.; Rahman NM; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.; Raman B; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Richardson M; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Rowland-Jones SD; University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.; Rowland MJ; Kadoorie Centre for Critical Care Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Saunders RM; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Scott JT; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.; Semple MG; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.; Sereno M; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Shah AM; Kings College London, London, UK.; Sheikh A; The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Shikotra A; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Singapuri A; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Taquet M; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Thomas D; Imperial College London, London, UK.; Thompson R; University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.; Thorpe M; The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Toshner M; VPD Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.; Wang L; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Wootton DG; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.; Zheng B; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; Wain LV; Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK.; Brightling CE; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Singh SJ; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.; Taylor RS; School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.; Evans RA; The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. Electronic address: re66@leicester.ac.uk. |
| Corporate Authors: | PHOSP-COVID study Collaborative Group |
| Source: | International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases [Int J Infect Dis] 2026 Apr 09; Vol. 168, pp. 108695. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 09. |
| Publication Model: | Ahead of Print |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Canada NLM ID: 9610933 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-3511 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 12019712 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Infect Dis Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Hamilton, ON : Elsevier; Original Publication: Hamilton, ON : Decker, c1996- |
| Abstract: | Background: Preexisting multiple (two or more) long-term conditions (MLTCs) may negatively affect recovery after COVID-19. We investigated how preexisting MLTCs, including different categorization and patterns of MLTCs, affect 1-year health outcomes after severe COVID-19.; Methods: Adults post-hospitalization after COVID-19 were recruited during 2020-2021. We compared recovery at 1 year after discharge using adjusted multivariable logistic regression in 1:1 propensity-matched adults (for age, sex, ethnicity, social deprivation, obesity, and smoking history) with and without preexisting MLTCs. In adults with MLTCs, different categorization such as number of conditions, number and types of body systems involved (e.g. respiratory, cardiovascular), and latent class analysis-derived patterns of condition co-occurrence were assessed for their association with recovery at 1 year.; Results: A total of 647 adults with MLTCs were matched with 647 adults without MLTCs (n = 1294; 61.9% male, 79.6% of White ethnicity, median age 59 [interquartile range 52-67] years). The presence of MLTCs was associated with lower odds of feeling fully recovered (odds ratio 0.66 [95% confidence interval 0.51-0.85], P = 0.001). In those with MLTCs, recovery was negatively affected by number and type of body systems involved (e.g. respiratory [odds ratio 0.49 (95% confidence interval 0.34-0.69), P 0.1). Four latent classes of MLTC co-occurrence were estimated with different risks of recovery (P |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of competing interest L.E. Gardiner declares that they were awarded funding from a Wellcome Trust doctoral fellowship (Leicestershire Health Inequalities Improvement Programme [grant number UNS144807]) to complete this work. R. Aul declares lecture fees and support for attending a meeting from Boehringer Ingelheim. N.D. Bakerly declares they have received nonrestrictive educational grants from Chiesi, AZ, and Teva for attending conferences; honoraria from Teva, AZ, and GSK; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Chiesi and AZ; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Teva; and receipt of equipment from Global Access Diagnostics (previously Mologic Inc). C.E. Bolton declares that their institute received grant funding from NIHR/UKRI and NIHR to complete this work; and their institute received grant funding from Nottingham Hospitals Charity, NIHR, and University of Nottingham. G. Choudhury declares funding from GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca; received honoraria for delivering talks from GSK, AZ, Chiesi, and BI; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as Chair on the Act on COPD Programme for AZ in Scotland; and a leadership or fiduciary role as Chair for the Lothian Respiratory Managed Clinical Network. C.E. Brightling declares that their institute received grant funding from MRC/NIHR and NIHR to complete this work; their institute received grant funding from Areteia, AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Genentech, GSK, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Roche, and Sanofi; and consulting fees from Areteia, AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Genentech, GSK, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Roche, and Sanofi. A. Briggs declares consulting fees from Roche, Merck, Sanofi and GSK. J.D. Chalmers declares funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Grifols, Genentech, Gilead, Insmed, and Trudell; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Glaxosmithkline, Insmed, Grifols, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Janssen, Antabio, and Zambon. G. Choudhury declares funding from GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca; received honoraria for delivering talks from GSK, AZ, Chiesi, and BI; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as Chair on the Act on COPD Programme for AZ in Scotland; and a leadership or fiduciary role as Chair for the Lothian Respiratory Managed Clinical Network. M.J. Davies declares grant funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novo Nordisk; consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, and Novo Nordisk; payment for speaking for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Boehringer Infelheim, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biomea Fusion, Regneron, and Zealand Pharma; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biomea Fusion, Sanofi, Zealand Pharma, Carmot/Roche, Regeneron, EktaH, AbbVie, GSK, and Daewoong Pharmaceutical. A. De Soyza declares grant funding from Bayer, Gilead, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Insmed, and Novartis, unrelated to the submitted manuscript; consulting fees from Boehringer, Bayer, Gilead, Pfizer, GSK, Insmed, AstraZeneca, and Novartis in work unrelated to the submitted manuscript; speaker fees from Bayer, Gilead, Pfizer, GSK, Insmed, AstraZeneca, Innogen, and Fischer&Paykel; support for attending meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, GSK, and Insmed; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Bayer. A.B. Docherty declares that they were awarded funding from the Wellcome Trust (227856/Z/23/Z). A.F. Goemans declares that they were awarded funding from a Wellcome Trust fellowship. B. Guillen-Guio declares that they were awarded funding from a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship (grant number 221680/Z/20/Z). L.G. Heaney declares that their institute received funding from GSK, AstraZeneca and Roche/Genentech; payment for lectures received from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi, Circassia, GlaxoSmithKline, Chiesi, and Teva; support to travel to meetings from AstraZeneca and GSK; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Novartis, Roche/Genentech, GSK, Teva, and Celltrion; and funding from the NIHR (RfPB grant PB-PG-0317-20032). S. Heller declares consulting fees from NovoNordisk; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Eli Lilly with payments made to their institution. A. Horsley declares that their institute was awarded funding from UK Research and Innovation (MR/V027859/1) and NIHR Manchester BRC; and is Chair for the NIHR Respiratory Translational Research Collaboration. J.R. Hurst declares funding from AstraZeneca; consulting fees from AstraZeneca and GSK; payment for lectures and presentations from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Sanofi, and Takeda; support for attending meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for AstraZeneca; and receipt of equipment from Nonin. J. Jacob declares funding from the Wellcome Trust, Microsoft Research GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead Sciences, Cancer Research UK, Rosetrees Trust, Cystic Fibrosis Trust, and Chan Zuckerberg Initiative; consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, and NHSX; payment for lectures and presentations received from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, and Takeda; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Boehringer Ingelheim and Takeda; patents planned, issued or pending (UK patent application number 2113765.8 and UK patent application number GB2211487.0); and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche. R.G. Jenkins declares that their institute received funding from AstraZeneca, Biogen, Galecto, GlaxoSmithKline, Nordic Biosciences, RedX, and Pliant; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Brainomix, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chiesi, Cohbar, Daewoong, GlaxoSmithKline, Veracyte, Resolution Therapeutics, and Pliant; payment for lectures and presentations received from Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Roche, PatientMPower, and AstraZeneca; payment for expert testimony from Pinsent Masons LLP; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Boehringer Ingelheim, Galapagos and Vicore; and a leadership or fiduciary role for NuMedii and is president for Action for Pulmonary Fibrosis. M. Jones declares funding from the MRC to complete this work; funding from the MRC, British Lung Foundation, and Boehringer Ingelheim; consulting fees from Skyhawk Therapeutics; and a leadership or fiduciary role in the AAIR Charity Scientific Committee. K. Khunti declares funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Servier, Oramed Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Applied Therapeutics; consulting fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Servier, Pfizer, Roche, Daiichi-Sankyo, Embecta, and Nestle Health Science; and payment for lectures and presentations from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Servier, Pfizer, Roche, Daiichi-Sankyo, Embecta, and Nestle Health Science. O.C. Leavy declares that their institute received joint funding from UKRI and NIHR (MR/ V027859/1 and COV0319) to complete this work. N.I. Lone declares leadership or fiduciary roles as director of research for the Intensive Care Society UK, and Chair of the Scottish Intensive Care Society Audit Group, Public Health Scotland. W.D.-C. Man declares that their institute received funding from National Institute for Health Research and NHS Accelerated Access Collaborative; and is Honorary President of the Association for Respiratory Technology and Physiology, and an associate editor of ERJ Open Research. G.P. McCann declares funding from NIHR (RP-2017-ST2-007) to complete this work; funding from the British Heart Foundation, Wellcome Trust and NIHR; and research support from Resonance Health, Circle CVi and Perspectum. M. Marks declares being a recipient of the PHOSP grant. G.P. McCann declares funding from the British Heart Foundation and NIHR; and royalties or licenses from Circle and Perspectum. P.J.M. Openshaw declares funding from UKRI-MRC/DHSC NIHR and UKRI-BEIS. D. Parekh declares funding from NIHR and MRC; and a leadership or fiduciary role for the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine Board. P. Pfeffer declares funding from NIHR. K. Poinasamy declares funding from UKRI and NIHR to complete this work. A. Briggs declares consulting fees from Roche, Merck, Sanofi and GSK. J.C. Porter declares funding from a Boehinger Ingelheim studentship; and a leadership or fiduciary role as medical director of Breathing Matters. J.K. Quint declares that their institute received funding from UKRI, NIHR, Health Data Research UK, BI, AZ, and Insmed; and consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline and BI. S.D.M. Rowland-Jones declares that their institute received funding from UKRI to complete this work; and their institute received funding from NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, UKRI (MRC), and EDCTP. M. J. Rowland declares support for attending meetings and/or travel from Novartis Pharmaceuticals; stock or stock options from Novartis Pharmaceuticals and Roche Pharmaceuticals; and is employed full time as a Senior Clinical Development Medical Director at Novartis Pharmaceuticals. M.G. Semple declares grant funding from National Institute of Health Research UK, Medical Research Council UK and Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool to complete this work; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Pfizer and GSK; leadership or fiduciary roles as Chair of Infectious Disease Scientific Advisory Board for Integrum Scientific LLC and Director of MedEx Solutions Ltd; stock or stock options as minority owner of Integrum Scientific LLC and majority owner of MedEx Solutions Ltd; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts, or other services from Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA; and is a nonremunerated independent member of HMG UK Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), COVID-19 Response (March 2020 to March 2022), nonremunerated independent member of HMG UK New Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group (NERVTAG) (2014 to July 2023), and has been seconded to the Scottish Government (from August 2025). M. Sereno declares that their institute received grant funding from NIHR/UKRI and NIHR to complete this work. A. Sheikh declares that their institute was awarded grant funding from NIHR and UKRI to complete this work; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for AstraZeneca’s Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Taskforce; and leadership or fiduciary roles for UK and Scottish Government COVID-19 advisory groups. A. Shikotra declares that their institute was awarded joint funding from UKRI and NIHR to complete this work. A.A.R. Thompson declares grant funding to their institution Heart Research UK and Janssen-Cilag Ltd and fellowship funding to their institution from British Heart Foundation; payment for lectures and presentations from Janssen-Cilag Ltd; and support for attending meetings from Janssen-Cilag Ltd. M. Toshner declares grant funding from the NIHR Cambridge BRC and NIHR HTA to complete this work; consulting fees from Janssen; support for attending meetings and/or travel from GSK and Janssen; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for ComCov and FluCov. L.V. Wain declares funding from UK Research and Innovation (MR/V027859/1), GSK/Asthma+Lung UK (Professorship [C17-1]) and National Institute of Health Research (COV0319) to complete this work; funding from Orion Pharma, GSK, Genentech, and AstraZeneca; consulting fees to their institution from Galapagos, Boehringer Ingelheim, and GSK; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Genentech; participation on Advisory Board for Galapagos; and leadership or fiduciary role as an associate editor for the European Respiratory Journal. S. J. Singh declares grants or contracts from NIHR (programme grant [NIHR 202020], Wellcome Doctoral Training Programme, HTA Project Grant [NIHR 131015], NIHR DHSC/UKRI COVID-19 Rapid Response Initiative, NIHR Global Research Group [NIHR 17/63/20]), Actegy Limited, and NIHR Senior Investigator; payment for presentations for Ministry of Justice; participation on NICE Expert Adviser Panel (Long COVID), Wales Long COVID Advisory Board, and NHS-E Long COVID Your COVID Recovery working group; and leadership or fiduciary roles as ATS Pulmonary Rehabilitation Assembly Chair, Clinical Lead RCP Pulmonary Rehabilitation Accreditation Scheme, and Clinical Lead NACAP Audit for Pulmonary Rehabilitation. R.A. Evans declares funding from UKRI/MRC/NIHR to complete this work; funding from NIHR, UKRI, Wolfson Foundation, Genentech/Roche, and Synairgen; consulting fees from AstraZeneca/Evidera for long COVID; speaking fees from Boehringer and Moderna; support for attending meetings from Chiesi; and leadership or fiduciary roles as ERS Group 01.02 Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Chronic Care Secretary and ATS Pulmonary Rehabilitation Assembly Chair. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: COVID-19; Long COVID; Multimorbidity; Multiple long-term conditions |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260412 Latest Revision: 20260503 |
| Update Code: | 20260504 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108695 |
| PMID: | 41966515 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
Journal Article