| Title: |
The structure of liquid carbon elucidated by in situ X-ray diffraction |
| Authors: |
Kraus, Dominik; Rips, Johannes; Schörner, Maximilian; Vorberger, Jan; Ranjan, Divyanshu; Lütgert, Julian; Heuser, Benjamin; Eggert, Jon H.; Liermann, Hanns-Peter; Oleynik, Ivan I.; Pandolfi, Silvia; Redmer, Ronald; Sollier, Arnaud; Strohm, Cornelius; Volz, Travis J.; Albertazzi, Bruno; Ali, Suzanne Jihad; Antonelli, Luca; Bähtz, Carsten; Ball, Orianna B.; Banerjee, Saumyabrata; Belonoshko, A. B.; Bolme, C. A.; Bouffetier, V.; Briggs, R.; Buakor, K.; Butcher, T.; Cerantola, V.; Chantel, Julien; Coleman, A. L.; Collier, J.; Collins, G. W.; Comley, A. J.; Cowan, T. E.; Cristoforetti, G.; Cynn, H.; Descamps, A.; Di Cicco, A.; Di Dio Cafiso, S.; Dorchies, F.; Duff, M. J.; Dwivedi, A.; Edwards, C.; Errandonea, D.; Galitskiy, S.; Galtier, E.; Ginestet, Helene; Gizzi, L.; Gleason, A.; Göde, S.; Gonzalez, J. M.; Gorman, M. G.; Harmand, M.; Hartley, N. J.; Heighway, P. G.; Hernandez-Gomez, C.; Higginbotham, A.; Höppner, H.; Husband, R. J.; Hutchinson, T. M.; Hwang, H.; Keen, D. A.; Kim, J.; Koester, P.; Konôpková, Z.; Krygier, A.; Labate, L.; Laso Garcia, A.; Lazicki, A. E.; Lee, Y.; Mason, P.; Masruri, M.; Massani, B.; McBride, E. E.; McHardy, J. D.; McGonegle, D.; McGuire, C.; McWilliams, R. S.; Merkel, Sébastien; Morard, G.; Nagler, B.; Nakatsutsumi, M.; Nguyen-Cong, K.; Norton, A.-M.; Ozaki, N.; Otzen, C.; Peake, D. J.; Pelka, A.; Pereira, K. A.; Phillips, J. P.; Prescher, C.; Preston, T. R.; Randolph, L.; Ravasio, A.; Santamaria-Perez, D.; Savage, D. J.; Schölmerich, M.; Schwinkendorf, J.-P.; Singh, S.; Smith, J.; Smith, R. F.; Spear, J.; Spindloe, C.; Suer, T.-A.; Tang, M.; Toncian, M.; Toncian, T.; Tracy, S. J.; Trapananti, A.; Vennari, C. E.; Vinci, T.; Tyldesley, M.; Vogel, S. C.; Walsh, J. P. S.; Wark, J. S.; Willman, J. T.; Wollenweber, L.; Zastrau, U.; Brambrink, E.; Appel, K.; McMahon, M. I. |
| Contributors: |
Université de Lille; CNRS; INRAE; ENSCL; Institut für Physik Rostock; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf HZDR; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Hamburg DESY; University of South Florida Tampa USF; Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie IMPMC; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives CEA; Laboratoire Matière sous Conditions Extrêmes LMCE; DAM Île-de-France DAM/DIF; Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses LULI; York Plasma Institute YPI; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy Edinburgh; Central Laser Facility CLF; Nanjing University NJU; Los Alamos National Laboratory LANL; European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser XFEL; Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca UNIMIB; Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET) - UMR 8207; Department of Physics and Astronomy Rochester; University of Rochester USA; Laboratory for lasers energetics - LLE (New-York, USA); AWE Aldermaston; Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Firenze INO-CNR; School of Mathematics and Physics Belfast; Università degli Studi di Camerino = University of Camerino UNICAM; Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications CELIA; SUPA, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy; Departamento de Física Aplicada Universitat Politècnica de València; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory SLAC; Laboratoire Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux PIMM; Clarendon Laboratory Oxford; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology GIST; ISIS Facility; Department of Physics Seoul; Yonsei University; Institut des Sciences de la Terre ISTerre; Graduate School of Engineering Suita, Osaka; Institut für Geo- und Umweltnaturwissenschaften = Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences Freiburg; University of Massachusetts Amherst UMass Amherst; Paul Scherrer Institute PSI; Carnegie Earth and Planets Laboratory |
| Publisher Information: |
Nature Publishing Group |
| Publication Year: |
2025 |
| Collection: |
LillOA (Lille Open Archive - Université de Lille) |
| Subject Terms: |
Characterization and analytical techniques; Core processes; Laboratory astrophysics; Laser-produced plasmas; Structure of solids and liquids |
| Description: |
Carbon has a central role in biology and organic chemistry, and its solid allotropes provide the basis of much of our modern technology1. However, the liquid form of carbon remains nearly uncharted2, and the structure of liquid carbon and most of its physical properties are essentially unknown3. But liquid carbon is relevant for modelling planetary interiors4,5 and the atmospheres of white dwarfs6, as an intermediate state for the synthesis of advanced carbon materials7,8, inertial confinement fusion implosions9, hypervelocity impact events on carbon materials10 and our general understanding of structured fluids at extreme conditions11. Here we present a precise structure measurement of liquid carbon at pressures of around 1 million atmospheres obtained by in situ X-ray diffraction at an X-ray free-electron laser. Our results show a complex fluid with transient bonding and approximately four nearest neighbours on average, in agreement with quantum molecular dynamics simulations. The obtained data substantiate the understanding of the liquid state of one of the most abundant elements in the universe and can test models of the melting line. The demonstrated experimental abilities open the path to performing similar studies of the structure of liquids composed of light elements at extreme conditions. |
| Document Type: |
article in journal/newspaper |
| File Description: |
application/octet-stream; application/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8 |
| Language: |
English |
| Relation: |
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/101054994/EU/High Temperature Dynamics of Metals and the Earth’s Solid Inner Core/HotCores; Contrôle de la synthèse d'Hydrures supraconducteurs à conditions EXtrêmes en utilisant des techniques de compression DYNamique; Nature; http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12210/129885 |
| Availability: |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12210/129885 |
| Rights: |
Attribution 3.0 United States ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.153C19B2 |
| Database: |
BASE |