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Background & Aims: Periodontitis is the leading cause of tooth loss and advanced periodontitis is the sixth commonest disease worldwide, with a prevalence of 10.8% to 11.2%. It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues due to anaerobic Gram (-) bacteria. The advanced form of the disease is characterized by progressive alveolar bone destruction resulting in the formation of a periodontal pocket and gum retraction. Periodontitis can be considered as the disruption of homeostatic mechanisms that balance the oral biofilm microflora and the host defense mechanisms, while has been associated with cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, renal disease, respiratory disease and pregnancy complications.Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori), first reported in 1983, is a microaerophilic Gram (-) spiral-helical bacterium adapted to survive in the gastric acidic environment, neutralizing it by secreting urease. Although gastric H. pylori infection has a worldwide prevalence of 44.3%, a higher prevalence exists in developing countries (50.8%) compared with the developed ones (34.7%). Gastric mucosal infection by H. pylori has been associated with gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer. In addition, H. pylori infection has associated with several non-peptic diseases, such as coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease, iron deficiency anemia, diabetes mellitus, neurological diseases, pregnancy complications, laryngeal diseases, skin diseases and eye diseases. Finally, H. pylori infection has been associated with oral cavity diseases, such as recurrent aphthous stomatitis, halitosis, burning mouth syndrome, lingual hyperplasia and oral lichen planus.Treatment of H. pylori infection is by combinations of antibiotics together with proton pump-inhibitors (PPI), taken simultaneously or sequentially, for 7 to 14 days. However, in clinical practice, no treatment guarantees H. pylori eradication. The high rates of H. pylori infection recurrence led researchers to ... |