| Title: |
Global, regional, and national stillbirths at 20 weeks' gestation or longer in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| Authors: |
Comfort, Haley; McHugh, Theresa A.; Schumacher, Austin E.; Harris, Ashley; May, Erin A.; Paulson, Katherine R.; Gardner, William M.; Fuller, John E.; Frisch, Meghan E.; Taylor, Heather Jean; Leever, Andrew T.; Teply, Corey; Verghese, Nicholas Alexander; Alam, Tahiya; Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis; Abbastabar, Hedayat; ElHafeez, Samar Abd; Abdelmasseh, Michael; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief; Abdissa, Daba; Abdoun, Meriem; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Abebe, Mesfin; Abedi, Aidin; Abidi, Hassan; Abiodun, Olumide; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E.; Adane, Mesafint Molla; Addo, Isaac Yeboah; Adema, Bulcha Guye; Adesina, Miracle Ayomikun; Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun; Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Afzal, Saira; Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika; Agodi, Antonella; Agyemang-Duah, Williams; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Aqeel; Ahmad, Danish; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmed, Ayman; Ahmed, Haroon; Ahmed, Luai A.; Ajami, Marjan; Akinosoglou, Karolina; Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M.; Albashtawy, Mohammed; Alemi, Sharifullah; Algammal, Abdelazeem M.; Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed; Ali, Abid; Ali, Liaqat; Ali, Mohammed Usman; Alif, Sheikh Mohammad; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almazan, Joseph Uy; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Almidani, Louay; Almustanyir, Sami; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Aly, Hany; Aly, Safwat; Amani, Reza; Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena; Amhare, Abebe Feyissa; Amin, Tarek Tawfik; Amiri, Sohrab; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Anoushiravani, Amir; Ansar, Adnan; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Appiah, Francis; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Areda, Demelash; Aregawi, Brhane Berhe; Artamonov, Anton A.; Aryal, Umesh Raj; Asemi, Zatollah; Asemu, Mulu Tiruneh; Asgedom, Akeza Awealom; Ashraf, Tahira; Asresie, Melash Belachew; Atlaw, Daniel; Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi; Atreya, Alok; Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan; Aujayeb, Avinash; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayatollahi, Haleh; Ayyoubzadeh, Seyed Mohammad; Azadnajafabad, Sina; Azevedo, Rui M. S.; Azzam, Ahmed Y.; Darshan, B.B.; Babaei, Mahsa; Badar, Muhammad; Badiye, Ashish D.; Baghcheghi, Nayereh; Baghdadi, Soroush; Bagheri, Nasser; Bagherieh, Sara; Asl, Farshad Bahrami; Bai, Ruhai; Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur; Bam, Kiran; Banach, Maciej; Banke-Thomas, Aduragbemi; Bansal, Hansi; Bantie, Berihun Bantie; Barchitta, Martina; Bardhan, Mainak; Bashiri, Azadeh; Basiru, Afisu; Baskaran, Pritish; Batra, Kavita; Bayani, Mojtaba; Bayleyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew; Bedi, Neeraj; Begum, Tahmina; Behnoush, Amir Hossein; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Bermudez, Amiel Nazer C.; Beyene, Kebede A.; Bhandari, Bharti; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bodolica, Virginia; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brenner, Hermann; Bustanji, Yasser; Butt, Nadeem Shafique; Butt, Zahid A.; Cadri, Abdul; Campos-Nonato, Ismael; Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia; Cembranel, Francieli; Cerin, Ester; Chacón-Uscamaita, Pamela Roxana; Charan, Jaykaran; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chauhan, Dhun; Chavula, Malizgani Paul; Chen, Simiao; Chi, Gerald; Chitheer, Abdulaal; Cho, William C. S.; Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Cruz-Martins, Natalia; Dadras, Omid; Dagnew, Gizachew Worku; Dalaba, Maxwell Ayindenaba; Dandona, Lalit; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Das, Jai K.; Das, Saswati; Dash, Nihar Ranjan; Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davletov, Kairat; Debela, Berhanu Gidisa; Debele, Aklilu Tamire; Derese, Msganaw; Deribe, Kebede; Derviševic, Emina; Dessie, Anteneh Mengist; Dhali, Arkadeep; Dhulipala, Vishal R.; Dirac, M. Ashworth; Dong, Wanyue; Dora, Bezabih Terefe; Dsouza, Haneil Larson; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Dutta, Sulagna; Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian; Ed-Dra, Abdelaziz; Edvardsson, Kristina; Eini, Ebrahim; Ekholuenetale, Michael; El SayedZaki, Maysaa; Elgendy, Islam Y.; Elhadi, Muhammed; Elshaer, Mohammed; Elsohaby, Ibrahim; Emeto, Theophilus I.; Bain, Luchuo Engelbert; Esayas, Hawi Leul; Eshrati, Babak; Esposito, Francesco; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis; Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich; Faramarzi, Ali; Faro, Andre; Fatehizadeh, Ali; Fekadu, Ginenus; Fischer, Florian; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Gaal, Peter Andras; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gajdács, Márió; Galali, Yaseen; Gallus, Silvano; Ganesan, Balasankar; Gazzelloni, Federica; Gebrehiwot, Mesfin; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay; Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru; Geda, Yohannes Fikadu; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghasemi, Mohammed-Reza; Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed; Gheno, Gloria; Gialluisi, Alessandro; Gissler, Mika; Glasbey, James C.; Glasstetter, Logan M.; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goleij, Pouya; Golinelli, Davide; Grivna, Michal; Guha, Avirup; Guicciardi, Stefano; Guo, Hanbing; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Haller, Sebastian; Halwani, Rabih; Hamidi, Samer; Handal, Alexis J.; Haro, Josep Maria; Hartman, Nicholas Nathaniel; Hasan, Taufiq; Hasanpour-Dehkordi, Ali; Hasnain, Md Saquib; Hassanipour, Soheil; He, Wen-Qiang; Heidari, Mohammad; Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Hessami, Kamran; Hezam, Kamal; Hiraike, Yuta; Holla, Ramesh; Hossain, Md Mahbub; Hosseinzadeh, Hassan; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hu, Chengxi; Huang, Junjie; Huda, M. Mamun; Huda, Md Nazmul; Huynh, Hong-Han; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iftikhar, Pulwasha Maria; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Immurana, Mustapha; Iranmehr, Arad; Iravanpour, Farideh; Iwagami, Masao; Iwu, Chidozie Declan; Iyasu, Assefa N.; Jaafari, Jalil; Jafarzadeh, Abdollah; Jahrami, Haitham; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Javadi, Nilofer; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jema, Alelign Tasew; Jokar, Mohammad; Joseph, Nitin; Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma; Jürisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Karaye, Ibraheem M.; Karimi, Hanie; Kasraei, Hengameh; Kauppila, Joonas H.; Kendal, Evie Shoshannah; Keykhaei, Mohammad; Khalid, Nauman; Khamesipour, Faham; Khan, M. Nuruzzaman; Khan, Maseer; Khan, Yusra H.; Khatab, Khaled; Khatatbeh, Haitham; Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad; Khateri, Sorour; Kashani, Hamid Reza Khayat; Khormali, Moein; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Thanh V.; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kochhar, Sonali; Kolahi, Ali-Asghar; Kompani, Farzad; Koohestani, Hamid Reza; Kosen, Soewarta; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Krishnamoorthy, Vijay; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Kuchay, Raja Amir Hassan; Kuddus, Mohammed; Kumar, G. Anil; Kurmi, Om P.; Vecchia, Carlo La; Lacey, Ben; Lahariya, Chandrakant; Laksono, Tri; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lasrado, Savita; Latief, Kamaluddin; Latifinaibin, Kaveh; Le, Thao Thi Thu; Lee, Munjae; Lee, Sang-Woong; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lee, Yo Han; Lenzi, Jacopo; Li, Ming-Chieh; Li, Shanshan; Ligade, Virendra S.; Lim, Stephen S.; Liu, Gang; Liu, Jue; Liu, Xuefeng; Lorenzovici, László; Lotfizadeh, Masoud; Afifi, Ahmed M.; Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M.; Magee, Laura A.; Majeed, Azeem; Rad, Elaheh Malakan; Malhotra, Kashish; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Malik, Iram; Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio; Martorell, Miquel; Marzan, Melvin Barrientos; Mathangasinghe, Yasith; Mattiello, Rita; Maugeri, Andrea; Mayeli, Mahsa; Mazaheri, Maryam; Mediratta, Rishi P.; Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran; Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael; Meles, Hadush Negash; Mendez-Lopez, Max Alberto; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Minh, Le Huu Nhat; Mirfakhraie, Reza; Mirghafourvand, Mojgan; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirza, Moonis; Bawa, Eric Mishio; Misra, Sanjeev; Mizana, Biru Abdissa; Mohamed, Nouh Saad; Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh; Mohammed, Ghada; Mohammed, Salahuddin; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molinaro, Sabrina; Momtazmanesh, Sara; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Ghalibaf, AmirAli Moodi; Moraga, Paula; Morovatdar, Negar; Mosapour, Abbas; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Parsa; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mughal, Faraz; Mulita, Admir; Mulita, Francesk; Muriithi, Moses K.; Nair, Tapas Sadasivan; Najmuldeen, Hastyar Hama Rashid; Nambi, Gopal; Nangia, Vinay; Nascimento, Gustavo G.; Nauman, Javaid; Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria; Nematollahi, Mohammad Hadi; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Dang H.; Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien; Nguyen, Hien Quang; Nguyen, Phat Tuan; Niazi, Robina Khan; Nikoobar, Ali; Nnyanzi, Lawrence Achilles; Noman, Efaq Ali; Nomura, Shuhei; Noreen, Mamoona; Nurrika, Dieta; Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe; Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet; Oancea, Bogdan; Obamiro, Kehinde O.; Ogunsakin, Ropo Ebenezer; Okeke, Sylvester Reuben; Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul; Okonji, Osaretin Christabel; Okwute, Patrick Godwin; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun; Olatubi, Matthew Idowu; Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Ordak, Michal; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.; Osman, Wael M. S.; Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi; Otoiu, Adrian; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Ouyahia, Amel; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Padron-Monedero, Alicia; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pana, Adrian; Parija, Pragyan Paramita; Parikh, Romil R.; Pashaei, Ava; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Patil, Shankargouda; Pawar, Shrikant; Pedersini, Paolo; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Prince; Pereira, Gavin Francis; Pereira, Jeevan; Pereira, Marcos; Pereira, Maria Odete; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy; Perico, Norberto; Pesudovs, Konrad; Petcu, Ionela-Roxana; Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily; Pezeshki, Parmida Sadat; Pham, Tom; Phan, My Kieu; Philip, Anil K.; Pigeolet, Manon; Piracha, Zahra Zahid; Podder, Vivek; Poddighe, Dimitri; Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh; Shahraki, Hadi Raeisi; Raghav, Pankaja; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahmanian, Vahid; Raimondo, Ivano; Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rancic, Nemanja; Rao, Chythra R.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rasella, Davide; Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Rengasamy, Kannan R. R.; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Rezaei, Nazila; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaeian, Mohsen; Robinson-Oden, Hannah Elizabeth; Roever, Leonardo; Rohloff, Peter; Ronfani, Luca; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Saad, Aly M. A.; Saadatian, Zahra; Sabour, Siamak; Saddik, Basema Ahmad; Sadeghi, Malihe; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Saeed, Umar; Saghazadeh, Amene; Sagoe, Dominic; Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh; Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahoo, Harihar; Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop; Saleh, Mohamed A.; Salehi, Sana; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanjeev, Rama Krishna; Sarikhani, Yaser; Sarode, Sachin C.; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sawhney, Monika; Saya, Ganesh Kumar; Saylan, Mete; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola; Schuermans, Art; Sengupta, Pallav; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Serban, Dragos; SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad; Seylani, Allen; Shafie, Mahan; Shah, Jaffer; Shah, Pritik A.; Shahid, Samiah; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Sham, Sunder; Shanawaz, Mohd; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharew, Mequannent Melaku; Sharma, Manoj; Shetty, Adithi; Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar; Shetty, Pavanchand H.; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shivalli, Siddharudha; Shool, Sina; Shorofi, Seyed Afshin; Shuja, Kanwar Hamza; Shuval, Kerem; Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen; Sidamo, Negussie Boti; Silva, João Pedro; Simpson, Colin R.; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Paramdeep; Singh, Surjit; Skhvitaridze, Natia; Socea, Bogdan; Sohag, Abdullah Al Mamun; Soleimani, Hamidreza; Solomon, Yonatan; Song, Suhang; Song, Yi; Spartalis, Michael; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Stergachis, Andy; Suleman, Muhammad; Sultana, Saima; Sun, Haitong Zhe; Sun, Jing; Szeto, Mindy D.; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabatabai, Shima; Tabish, Mohammad; Taheri, Majid; Soodejani, Moslem Taheri; Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze; Tan, Ker-Kan; Tarigan, Ingan Ukur; Oliaee, Razieh Tavakoli; Taye, Birhan Tsegaw; Tefera, Yibekal Manaye; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Teramoto, Masayuki; Tesfamariam, Wegen Beyene; Teye-Kwadjo, Enoch; Tharwat, Samar; Thavamani, Aravind; Thomas, Nihal; Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna; Tiyuri, Amir; Topor-Madry, Roman; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Tripathy, Jaya Prasad; Tromans, Samuel Joseph; Ubah, Chukwudi S.; Umair, Muhammad; Umakanthan, Srikanth; Unim, Brigid; Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj; Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan; Valenti, Mario; Valizadeh, Rohollah; Van den Eynde, Jef; Varthya, Shoban Babu; Veroux, Massimiliano; Verras, Georgios-Ioannis; Villani, Leonardo; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Walde, Mandaras Tariku; Wang, Fang; Wang, Shu; Wang, Yanqing; Wang, Yanzhong; Wassie, Emebet Gashaw; Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan; Wolde, Asrat Arja; Xu, Xiaoyue; Yadav, Vikas; Yang, Lin; Yano, Yuichiro; Yehualashet, Sisay Shewasinad; Yi, Siyan; Yigit, Arzu; Yigit, Vahit; Yip, Paul; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Zaki, Nazar; Zamagni, Giulia; Zaman, Burhan Abdullah; Zastrozhin, Michael; Zhang, Haijun; Zhang, Yunquan; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zhao, Hanqing; Zhong, Claire Chenwen; Zielinska, Magdalena; Zuhriyah, Lilik; Hay, Simon I.; Naghavi, Mohsen; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Dandona, Rakhi; Kassebaum, Nicholas J. |
| Source: |
The Lancet ; 404 ; 10466 ; 1955-1988 |
| Publication Year: |
2025 |
| Collection: |
Oslo and Akershus University College: ODA (Open Digital Archive) / Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus (HiOA) |
| Description: |
Background Stillbirth is a devastating and often avoidable adverse pregnancy outcome. Monitoring stillbirth levels and trends—in a comprehensive manner that leaves no one uncounted—is imperative for continuing progress in pregnancy loss reduction. This analysis, completed as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, methodically accounted for different stillbirth definitions with the aim of comprehensively estimating all stillbirths at 20 weeks or longer for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods We extracted data on stillbirths from 11 412 sources across 185 of 204 countries and territories, including 234 surveys, 231 published studies, 1633 vital statistics reports, and 10 585 unique location-year combinations from vital registration systems. Our final dataset comprised 11 different definitions, which were adjusted to match two gestational age thresholds: 20 weeks or longer (reference) and 28 weeks or longer (for comparisons). We modelled the ratio of stillbirth rate to neonatal mortality rate with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression for each location and year, and then used final GBD 2021 assessments of fertility and all-cause neonatal mortality to calculate total stillbirths. Secondary analyses evaluated the number of stillbirths missed with the more restrictive gestational age definition, trends in stillbirths as a function of Socio-demographic Index, and progress in reducing stillbirths relative to neonatal deaths. Findings In 2021, the global stillbirth rate was 23·0 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 19·7–27·2) per 1000 births (stillbirths plus livebirths) at 20 weeks' gestation or longer, compared to 16·1 (13·9–19·0) per 1000 births at 28 weeks' gestation or longer. The global neonatal mortality rate in 2021 was 17·1 (14·8–19·9) per 1000 livebirths, corresponding to 2·19 million (1·90–2·55) neonatal deaths. The estimated number of stillbirths occurring at 20 weeks' gestation or longer decreased from 5·08 million (95% UI 4·07–6·35) in 1990 to ... |
| Document Type: |
article in journal/newspaper |
| File Description: |
application/pdf |
| Language: |
English |
| Relation: |
https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3212459; cristin:2342439 |
| DOI: |
10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01925-1 |
| Availability: |
https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3212459; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01925-1 |
| Rights: |
Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal ; http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.2C3278AA |
| Database: |
BASE |