| Title: |
Polarization-Insensitive Electro-Optic Modulator for the Terahertz Regime Enabled by a Graphene-Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide |
| Authors: |
Xia Zhou; Caijing Liu; Yingting Li; Tingting Weng; Qilong Tan; Xuguang Huang; Jingshun Pan |
| Source: |
Nanomaterials ; Volume 16 ; Issue 5 ; Pages: 288 |
| Publisher Information: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| Publication Year: |
2026 |
| Collection: |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
| Subject Terms: |
electro-optic modulator; graphene; polarization-insensitive; plasmonic waveguide |
| Description: |
A polarization-insensitive compact optical modulator based on a graphene-hybrid surface plasmon polariton waveguide is proposed. The inverted U-shaped structure enables the synchronous control of TE/TM modes via Fermi level tuning, achieving a maximum attenuation of 0.247 dB/μm (Ef = 0.3 eV) and a minimum attenuation of 0.026–0.028 dB/μm (Ef = 1.0 eV) at 3 THz, with a polarization-dependent modulation error of only 0.002 dB/μm. The 100 μm × 30 μm device operates effectively at 2.5 THz (120 μm), demonstrating its potential for integrated photonic circuits. Additionally, the proposed modulator is compatible with Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The excellent ultra-broadband modulation performance of the graphene-hybrid plasmonic waveguide (GHPW) thereby paves the way for high-speed communication, non-destructive testing, biomedical sensing and optical computing. |
| Document Type: |
text |
| File Description: |
application/pdf |
| Language: |
English |
| Relation: |
2D and Carbon Nanomaterials; https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano16050288 |
| DOI: |
10.3390/nano16050288 |
| Availability: |
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050288 |
| Rights: |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.31B7E77F |
| Database: |
BASE |