| Contributors: |
Ribas, I; Reiners, A; Zechmeister, M; Caballero, Ja; Morales, Jc; Sabotta, S; Baroch, D; Amado, Pj; Quirrenbach, A; Abril, M; Aceituno, J; Anglada-Escudé, G; Azzaro, M; Barrado, D; Béjar, Vj; Benítez de Haro, D; Bergond, G; Bluhm, P; Calvo Ortega, R; Cardona Guillén, C; Chaturvedi, P; Cifuentes, C; Colomé, J; Cont, D; Cortés-Contreras, M; Czesla, S; Díez-Alonso, E; Dreizler, S; Duque-Arribas, C; Espinoza, N; Fernández, M; Fuhrmeister, B; Galadí-Enríquez, D; García-López, A; González-Álvarez, E; González Hernández, Ji; Guenther, Ew; de Guindos, E; Hatzes, Ap; Henning, T; Herrero, E; Hintz, D; Huelmo, Al; Jeffers, Sv; Johnson, En; de Juan, E; Kaminski, A; Kemmer, J; Khaimova, J; Khalafinejad, S; Kossakowski, D; Kürster, M; Labarga, F; Lafarga, M; Lalitha, S; Lampón, M; Lillo-Box, J; Lodieu, N; López González, Mj; López-Puertas, M; Luque, R; Magán, H; Mancini, L; Marfil, E; Martín, El; Martín-Ruiz, S; Molaverdikhani, K; Montes, D; Nagel, E; Nortmann, L; Nowak, G; Pallé, E; Passegger, Vm; Pavlov, A; Pedraz, S; Perdelwitz, V; Perger, M; Ramón-Ballesta, A; Reffert, S; Revilla, D; Rodríguez, E; Rodríguez-López, C; Sadegi, S; Sánchez Carrasco, Ma; Sánchez-López, A; Sanz-Forcada, J; Schäfer, S; Schlecker, M; Schmitt, Jhmm; Schöfer, P; Schweitzer, A; Seifert, W; Shan, Y; Skrzypinski, Sl; Solano, E; Stahl, O; Stangret, M; Stock, S; Stürmer, J; Tabernero, Hm |
| Description: |
Context. The CARMENES instrument, installed at the 3.5 m telescope of the Calar Alto Observatory in Almería, Spain, was conceived to deliver high-accuracy radial velocity (RV) measurements with long-term stability to search for temperate rocky planets around a sample of nearby cool stars. Moreover, the broad wavelength coverage was designed to provide a range of stellar activity indicators to assess the nature of potential RV signals and to provide valuable spectral information to help characterise the stellar targets. Aims: We describe the CARMENES guaranteed time observations (GTO), spanning from 2016 to 2020, during which 19 633 spectra for a sample of 362 targets were collected. We present the CARMENES Data Release 1 (DR1), which makes public all observations obtained during the GTO of the CARMENES survey. Methods: The CARMENES survey target selection was aimed at minimising biases, and about 70% of all known M dwarfs within 10 pc and accessible from Calar Alto were included. The data were pipeline-processed, and high-level data products, including 18 642 precise RVs for 345 targets, were derived. Time series data of spectroscopic activity indicators were also obtained. Results: We discuss the characteristics of the CARMENES data, the statistical properties of the stellar sample, and the spectroscopic measurements. We show examples of the use of CARMENES data and provide a contextual view of the exoplanet population revealed by the survey, including 33 new planets, 17 re-analysed planets, and 26 confirmed planets from transiting candidate follow-up. A subsample of 238 targets was used to derive updated planet occurrence rates, yielding an overall average of 1.44 ± 0.20 planets with 1 M⊕ < Mpl sin i < 1000 M⊕ and 1 day < Porb < 1000 days per star, and indicating that nearly every M dwarf hosts at least one planet. All the DR1 raw data, pipeline-processed data, and high-level data products are publicly available online. Conclusions: CARMENES data have proven very useful for identifying and ... |