| Title: |
Full-Factorial Rheological Investigation of Carbopol ETD2020 for Embedded Printing: Effects of pH and Carbomer Concentration |
| Authors: |
Tobias Biermann; Lennart Mesecke; Simon Teves; Ivo Ziesche; Roland Lachmayer |
| Source: |
Materials ; Volume 18 ; Issue 13 ; Pages: 3164 |
| Publisher Information: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| Publication Year: |
2025 |
| Collection: |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
| Subject Terms: |
Carbopol ETD2020; embedded printing; rheological design window; shear-thinning hydrogel; carbomer pH adjustment; Herschel–Bulkley modeling |
| Description: |
Embedded printing of soft materials relies on yield-stress support matrices to prevent sagging and enable freeform fabrication. The rheological parameters of the matrix material directly influence critical printing outcomes such as strand positioning, cavity formation, structural stability, and defect suppression in embedded printing. Despite widespread use of Carbopol® formulations, a systematic rheological characterization of ETD2020 across relevant polymer concentrations and pH levels for embedded printing is lacking. Here, we implement a full-factorial design with polymer concentrations from 0.1wt% to 0.9wt% and triethanolamine dosages of 30–50µL per 100g. Steady-shear (0.001–200s−1) and oscillatory (1Hz) rheometry yielded Herschel–Bulkley parameters τy, k, n as well as storage and loss modulus G′/G′′. All formulations exhibited pronounced shear-thinning, with τy increasing nonlinearly from |
| Document Type: |
text |
| File Description: |
application/pdf |
| Language: |
English |
| Relation: |
Manufacturing Processes and Systems; https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma18133164 |
| DOI: |
10.3390/ma18133164 |
| Availability: |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133164 |
| Rights: |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.6A5D0361 |
| Database: |
BASE |