| Title: |
Modeling and Optimization of Phenolic Compound Adsorption from Olive Wastewater Using XAD-4 Resin, Activated Carbon, and Chitosan Biosorbent |
| Authors: |
Chaimaa Hakim; Hélène Carrère; Abdessadek Essadek; Soukaina Terroufi; Audrey Battimelli; Renaud Escudie; Jérôme Harmand; Mounsef Neffa |
| Source: |
Applied Sciences ; Volume 16 ; Issue 3 ; Pages: 1231 |
| Publisher Information: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| Publication Year: |
2026 |
| Collection: |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
| Subject Terms: |
olive mill wastewater; phenolic compounds; adsorption; Box–Behnken design; chitosan biosorbent; kinetic and isotherm modeling |
| Description: |
This study proposes a circular economy strategy to recover phenolic compounds by valorizing shrimp shell waste into a chitosan biosorbent (CH-B). Its adsorption efficiency was evaluated compared to commercial activated carbon (AC) and synthetic XAD-4 resin. Kinetic analysis revealed that while both pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) models exhibited high correlations (R2≥ 0.96), both CH-B and XAD-4 resin were best described by the PFO model. This aligns with diffusion-controlled processes consistent with the porous and physical nature of these adsorbents. In contrast, AC followed the PSO model. Isotherm modeling indicated that CH-B and AC fit the Temkin model, reflecting heterogeneous surfaces, whereas XAD-4 followed the Langmuir model (monolayer adsorption). Notably, CH-B exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 229.2 mg/g, significantly outperforming XAD-4 (104.8 mg/g) and AC (90.2 mg/g). Thermodynamic and kinetic modeling confirmed that the adsorption mechanism was governed by a combination of electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking, and hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl/amine groups of chitosan and phenolic compounds. Optimization using Box–Behnken design for CH-B showed optimal acidic pH and moderate temperature but non-significant effect of CH-B dose in the experimental domain. Optimisation results showed unexpected high removal efficiency at low CH-B dosages. A tentative explanation may be adsorbent aggre-gation, which needs to be confirmed by further experimental evidence. |
| Document Type: |
text |
| File Description: |
application/pdf |
| Language: |
English |
| Relation: |
Environmental Sciences; https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app16031231 |
| DOI: |
10.3390/app16031231 |
| Availability: |
https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031231 |
| Rights: |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.75C64C37 |
| Database: |
BASE |