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Rising Rural Body-Mass Index Is the Main Driver of the Global Obesity Epidemic in Adults

Title:	Rising Rural Body-Mass Index Is the Main Driver of the Global Obesity Epidemic in Adults
Authors:	Bixby H, Bentham J; B, Zhou; M, Di Cesare; CJ, Paciorek; JE, Bennett; C, Taddei; GA, Stevens; A, Rodriguez-Martinez; RM, Carrillo-Larco; Y-H, Khang; M, Sorić; EW, Gregg; JJ, Miranda; ZA, Bhutta; S, Savin; MK, Sophiea; MLC, Iurilli; BD, Solomon; MJ, Cowan; LM, Riley; G, Danaei; P, Bovet; A, Chirita-Emandi; IR, Hambleton; AJ, Hayes; N, Ikeda; AP, Kengne; A, Laxmaiah; Y, Li; ST, McGarvey; A, Mostafa; M, Neovius; G, Starc; AA, Zainuddin; L, Abarca-Gómez; ZA, Abdeen; S, Abdrakhmanova; S, Abdul Ghaffar; Z, Abdul Hamid; J, Abubakar Garba; NM, Abu-Rmeileh; B, Acosta-Cazares; RJ, Adams; W, Aekplakorn; K, Afsana; IA, Agdeppa; CA, Aguilar-Salinas; C, Agyemang; MH, Ahmad; NA, Ahmad; N, Ahmadi; A, Ahmadvand; W, Ahrens; K, Ajlouni; F, AlBuhairan; S, AlDhukair; HM, Al-Hazzaa; MM, Ali; O, Ali; A, Alkerwi; AR, Al-Othman; R, Al-Raddadi; M, Alvarez-Pedrerol; E, Aly; DN, Amarapurkar; P, Amouyel; A, Amuzu; LB, Andersen; SA, Anderssen; LH, Ängquist; RM, Anjana; A, Ansari-Moghaddam; H, Aounallah-Skhiri; J, Araújo; I, Ariansen; T, Aris; RE, Arku; N, Arlappa; KK, Aryal; T, Aspelund; FK, Assah; MCF, Assunção; MS, Aung; J, Auvinen; M, Avdicová; A, Azevedo; F, Azizi; M, Azmin; BV, Babu; A, Baharudin; S, Bahijri; JL, Baker; N, Balakrishna; M, Bamoshmoosh; M, Banach; P, Bandosz; JR, Banegas; CM, Barbagallo; A, Barceló; A, Barkat; AJD, Barros; MVG, Barros; I, Bata; AM, Batieha; RL, Batista; Z, Battakova; A, Batyrbek; LA, Baur; R, Beaglehole; S, Bel-Serrat; H, Ben Romdhane; J, Benedics; M, Benet; S, Berkinbayev; A, Bernabe-Ortiz; G, Bernotiene; H, Bettiol; A, Bhagyalaxmi; S, Bharadwaj; SK, Bhargava; H, Bi; Y, Bi; A, Biehl; EC, Bika Lele; M, Bikbov; B, Bista; DJ, Bjelica; P, Bjerregaard; E, Bjertness; MB, Bjertness; C, Björkelund; A, Blokstra; S, Bo; M, Bobak; LM, Boddy; BO, Boehm; H, Boeing; JG, Boggia; CP, Boissonnet; M, Bonaccio; V, Bongard; M, Bopp; R, Borchini; H, Borghs; L, Braeckevelt; L, Braeckman; MCE, Bragt; I, Brajkovich; F, Branca; J, Breckenkamp; J, Breda; H, Brenner; LM, Brewster; GR, Brian; L, Brinduse; G, Bruno; HB, Bueno-de-Mesquita; A, Bugge; M, Buoncristiano; G, Burazeri; C, Burns; A, Cabrera de León; J, Cacciottolo; H, Cai; T, Cama; C, Cameron; J, Camolas; G, Can; APC, Cândido; F, Cañete; MV, Capanzana; E, Capuano; V, Capuano; VC, Cardoso; AC, Carlsson; E, Carmuega; MJ, Carvalho; FF, Casanueva; J-P, Casas; CA, Caserta; E, Celikcan; L, Censi; JA, Cesar; S, Chamukuttan; AW, Chan; Q, Chan; HK, Chaturvedi; N, Chaturvedi; N, Che Abdul Rahim; C-J, Chen; F, Chen; H, Chen; S, Chen; Z, Chen; C-Y, Cheng; YJ, Cheng; A, Chetrit; E, Chikova-Iscener; A, Chiolero; S-T, Chiou; M-D, Chirlaque; B, Cho; Y, Cho; K, Christensen; DG, Christofaro; J, Chudek; R, Cifkova; M, Cilia; E, Cinteza; F, Claessens; J, Clarke; E, Clays; H, Concin; SC, Confortin; C, Cooper; TC, Coppinger; S, Costanzo; D, Cottel; C, Cowell; CL, Craig; AC, Crampin; AB, Crujeiras; JJ, Cruz; A, Cucu; L, Cui; J, Dallongeville; A, Damasceno; CT, Damsgaard; R, Dankner; TM, Dantoft; G, D’Arrigo; P, Dasgupta; S, Dastgiri; L, Dauchet; K, Davletov; G, De Backer; D, De Bacquer; A, De Curtis; G, de Gaetano; S, De Henauw; PD, de Oliveira; K, De Ridder; SR, de Rooij; D, De Smedt; M, Deepa; AD, Deev; A, Dehghan; H, Delisle; F, Delpeuch; E, Dennison; V, Deschamps; K, Dhana; M, Dhimal; AF, Di Castelnuovo; JS, Dias-da-Costa; A, Diaz; Z, Dika; S, Djalalinia; HTP, Do; AJ, Dobson; MB, Donati; C, Donfrancesco; SP, Donoso; A, Döring; M, Dorobantu; AR, Dorosty; E, d’Orsi; K, Doua; W, Drygas; JL, Duan; CA, Duante; RB, Duda; V, Duleva; V, Dulskiene; SC, Dumith; V, Dzerve; E, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk; R, Eddie; EE, Egbagbe; R, Eggertsen; G, Eiben; U, Ekelund; J, El Ati; D, Eldemire-Shearer; M, Eliasen; P, Elliott; R, Engle-Stone; RT, Erasmus; C, Erem; L, Eriksen; JG, Eriksson; J, Escobedo-de la Peña; A, Evans; D, Faeh; CH, Fall; V, Farrugia Sant’Angelo; F, Farzadfar; MR, Fattahi; FJ, Felix-Redondo; TS, Ferguson; RA, Fernandes; D, Fernández-Bergés; D, Ferrante; M, Ferrari; C, Ferreccio; E, Ferrer; J, Ferrieres; A, Fijalkowska; G, Fink; K, Fischer; EM, Flores; B, Föger; LH, Foo; A-S, Forslund; M, Forsner; HM, Fouad; DK, Francis; MC, Franco; OH, Franco; G, Frontera; FD, Fuchs; SC, Fuchs; Y, Fujita; T, Furusawa; Z, Gaciong; M, Gafencu; D, Galeone; F, Galvano; J, Gao; M, Garcia-de-la-Hera; D, Gareta; SP, Garnett; J-M, Gaspoz; M, Gasull; L, Gates; A, Gazzinelli; H, Geiger; JM, Geleijnse; A, Ghanbari; E, Ghasemi; A, Ghasemian; O-F, Gheorghe-Fronea; S, Giampaoli; F, Gianfagna; TK, Gill; J, Giovannelli; G, Gironella; A, Giwercman; J, Godos; S, Gogen; RA, Goldsmith; D, Goltzman; H, Gonçalves; AR, Gonzalez; DA, Gonzalez-Chica; M, Gonzalez-Gross; M, González-Leon; JP, González-Rivas; M-E, González-Villalpando; F, Gottrand; AP, Graça; S, Graff-Iversen; D, Grafnetter; A, Grajda; MG, Grammatikopoulou; RD, Gregor; T, Grodzicki; A, Grøntved; G, Grosso; G, Gruden; D, Gu; E, Gualdi-Russo; EF, Gudmundsson; V, Gudnason; R, Guerrero; I, Guessous; AL, Guimaraes; MC, Gulliford; J, Gunnlaugsdottir; M, Gunter; X, Guo; Y, Guo; PC, Gupta; R, Gupta; O, Gureje; B, Gurzkowska; L, Gutierrez; F, Gutzwiller; F, Hadaegh; CA, Hadjigeorgiou; R, Haghshenas; J, Halkjær; R, Hardy; R, Hari Kumar; M, Hassapidou; J, Hata; T, Haugsgjerd; J, He; Y, He; R, Heidinger-Felso; M, Heinen; T, Hejgaard; ME, Hendriks; A, Henriques; L, Hernandez Cadena; S, Herrala; VM, Herrera; I, Herter-Aeberli; R, Heshmat; AG, Hill; SY, Ho; SC, Ho; M, Hobbs; A, Hofman; WM, Hopman; ARVR, Horimoto; CM, Hormiga; BL, Horta; L, Houti; C, Howitt; TT, Htay; AS, Htet; MMT, Htike; Y, Hu; JM, Huerta; IT, Huhtaniemi; C, Huidumac Petrescu; M, Huisman; A, Husseini; CN, Huu; I, Huybrechts; N, Hwalla; J, Hyska; L, Iacoviello; JM, Ibarluzea; MM, Ibrahim; N, Ibrahim Wong; MA, Ikram; VE, Irazola; T, Ishida; M, Islam; A-S, Ismail; V, Ivkovic; M, Iwasaki; T, Jääskeläinen; RT, Jackson; JM, Jacobs; H, Jaddou; T, Jafar; K, James; KM, Jamil; K, Jamrozik; I, Janszky; E, Janus; J, Jarani; M-R, Jarvelin; G, Jasienska; A, Jelakovic; B, Jelakovic; G, Jennings; S-L, Jeong; CQ, Jiang; RO, Jimenez; M, Joffres; M, Johansson; JJ, Jokelainen; JB, Jonas; T, Jørgensen; P, Joshi; DP, Jovic; J, Józwiak; A, Juolevi; G, Jurak; V, Juresa; R, Kaaks; A, Kafatos; EO, Kajantie; O, Kalter-Leibovici; NA, Kamaruddin; Y, Kameli; E, Kapantais; KB, Karki; A, Kasaeian; M, Katibeh; J, Katz; PT, Katzmarzyk; J, Kauhanen; P, Kaur; M, Kavousi; G, Kazakbaeva; U, Keil; L, Keinan-Boker; S, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi; R, Kelishadi; C, Kelleher; HCG, Kemper; A, Kerimkulova; M, Kersting; T, Key; YS, Khader; D, Khalili; M, Khateeb; K-T, Khaw; B, Kheiri; A, Khosravi; IMSL, Khouw; S, Kiechl; U, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer; J, Killewo; J, Kim; Y-Y, Kim; J, Klimont; J, Klumbiene; M, Knoflach; B, Koirala; E, Kolle; P, Kolsteren; J, König; R, Korpelainen; P, Korrovits; M, Korzycka; S, Koskinen; K, Kouda; VA, Kovacs; S, Kowlessur; S, Koziel; W, Kratzer; S, Kriemler; PL, Kristensen; S, Krokstad; D, Kromhout; HS, Kruger; R, Kubinova; R, Kuciene; D, Kuh; UM, Kujala; E, Kujundzic; Z, Kulaga; RK, Kumar; M, Kunešová; P, Kurjata; YS, Kusuma; K, Kuulasmaa; C, Kyobutungi; QN, La; FZ, Laamiri; T, Laatikainen; C, Lachat; Y, Laid; TH, Lam; M, Lang Morovic; V, Lanska; G, Lappas; B, Larijani; TS, Latt; LE, Laugsand; L, Lauria; M, Lazo-Porras; K, Le Nguyen Bao; A, Le Port; TD, Le; J, Lee; PH, Lee; T, Lehtimäki; D, Lemogoum; NS, Levitt; CL, Lilly; W-Y, Lim; MF, Lima-Costa; H-H, Lin; X, Lin; L, Lind; A, Linneberg; L, Lissner; M, Litwin; J, Liu; H-M, Loit; L, Lopes; T, Lopez; E, López-García; R, Lorbeer; PA, Lotufo; JE, Lozano; D, Luksiene; A, Lundqvist; R, Lundqvist; N, Lunet; P, Lytsy; G, Ma; J, Ma; GLL, Machado-Coelho; AM, Machado-Rodrigues; S, Machi; S, Maggi; DJ, Magliano; E, Magriplis; B, Maire; M, Majer; M, Makdisse; F, Malekzadeh; R, Malekzadeh; R, Malhotra; S, Malyutina; LV, Maniego; Y, Manios; JI, Mann; E, Manzato; P, Margozzini; A, Markaki; O, Markey; E, Markidou Ioannidou; LP, Marques; P, Marques-Vidal; J, Marrugat; R, Martin; Y, Martin-Prevel; R, Martorell; E, Martos; S, Marventano; SR, Masoodi; EB, Mathiesen; P, Mathur; A, Matijasevich; TE, Matsha; A, Mazur; JCN, Mbanya; SR, McFarlane; M, McKee; S, McLachlan; RM, McLean; SB, McLean; BA, McNulty; S, Md Yusof; S, Mediene-Benchekor; J, Medzioniene; P, Mehdipour; A, Meirhaeghe; J, Meisfjord; C, Meisinger; AMB, Menezes; GR, Menon; GBM, Mensink; A, Mereke; II, Meshram; A, Metspalu; HE, Meyer; J, Mi; KF, Michaelsen; N, Michels; K, Mikkel; JC, Miller; CS, Minderico; JF, Miquel; D, Mirkopoulou; E, Mirrakhimov; M, Misigoj-Durakovic; A, Mistretta; V, Mocanu; PA, Modesti; SS, Moghaddam; B, Mohajer; MK, Mohamed; K, Mohammad; N, Mohammadifard; V, Mohan; S, Mohanna; MF, Mohd Yusoff; F, Mohebi; M, Moitry; D, Molbo; LT, Møllehave; NC, Møller; D, Molnár; A, Momenan; CK, Mondo; EA, Monterrubio; KDK, Monyeki; JS, Moon; LB, Moreira; A, Morejon; LA, Moreno; K, Morgan; S, Morin; EL, Mortensen; G, Moschonis; M, Mossakowska; J, Mota; A, Mota-Pinto; ME, Motlagh; J, Motta; KP, Msyamboza; TT, Mu; M, Muc; B, Mugoša; ML, Muiesan; P, Mukhtorova; M, Müller-Nurasyid; N, Murphy; J, Mursu; EM, Murtagh; SM, Milanovic; V, Musil; I, Nabipour; S, Naderimagham; G, Nagel; BM, Naidu; H, Nakamura; J, Námešná; EEK, Nang; VB, Nangia; M, Nankap; S, Narake; P, Nardone; M, Nauck; EM, Navarrete-Muñoz; WA, Neal; K, Nelis; L, Nelis; I, Nenko; F, Nervi; CT, Nguyen; ND, Nguyen; QN, Nguyen; RE, Nieto-Martínez; G, Ning; T, Ninomiya; S, Nishtar; M, Noale; OA, Noboa; T, Norat; S, Norie; D, Noto; MA, Nsour; E, Nurk; M, Nyirenda; G, Obreja; AM, Ochoa-Avilés; E, Oda; K, Oh; K, Ohara; R, Ohtsuka; Ö, Olafsson; MTA, Olinto; IO, Oliveira; M, Oltarzewski; MA, Omar; A, Onat; TW, O’Neill; SK, Ong; LM, Ono; P, Ordunez; D, O’Reilly; R, Ornelas; AP, Ortiz; PJ, Ortiz; M, Osler; C, Osmond; SM, Ostojic; A, Ostovar; JA, Otero; K, Overvad; E, Owusu-Dabo; FM, Paccaud; C, Padez; I, Pagkalos; E, Pahomova; A, Pająk; D, Palli; A, Palloni; L, Palmieri; W-H, Pan; S, Panda-Jonas; A, Pandey; F, Panza; D, Papandreou; S-W, Park; WR, Parnell; M, Parsaeian; IM, Pascanu; ND, Patel; I, Pecin; MS, Pednekar; N, Peer; SV, Peixoto; M, Peltonen; AC, Pereira; CM, Pérez; N, Perez-Farinos; A, Peters; A, Petersmann; J, Petkeviciene; A, Petrauskiene; N, Peykari; ST, Pham; D, Pierannunzio; I, Pigeot; H, Pikhart; A, Pilav; L, Pilotto; F, Pistelli; F, Pitakaka; A, Piwonska; P, Plans-Rubió; BK, Poh; H, Pohlabeln; RM, Pop; SR, Popovic; M, Porta; MLP, Portegies; G, Posch; D, Poulimeneas; H, Pouraram; A, Pourshams; H, Poustchi; R, Pradeepa; AJ, Price; JF, Price; JJ, Puder; I, Pudule; SE, Puhakka; M, Puiu; M, Punab; RF, Qasrawi; M, Qorbani; T, Quoc Bao; MS, Radhika; I, Radic; R, Radisauskas; M, Rahman; O, Raitakari; M, Raj; H, Rajkumar; S, Rakhmatulloev; S, Ramachandra Rao; A, Ramachandran; J, Ramke; E, Ramos; R, Ramos; L, Rampal; S, Rampal; KM, Rao; RA, Rascon-Pacheco; M, Rasmussen; J, Redon; PFM, Reganit; V, Regecová; L, Revilla; L, Ribas-Barba; R, Ribeiro; E, Riboli; F, Rigo; N, Rinaldo; TF, Rinke de Wit; A, Rito; RM, Ritti-Dias; JA, Rivera; C, Robitaille; D, Rodrigues; F, Rodríguez-Artalejo; MC, Rodriguez-Perez; LA, Rodríguez-Villamizar; R, Rojas-Martinez; N, Rojroongwasinkul; D, Romaguera; A, Rosengren; I, Rouse; JGR, Roy; A, Rubinstein; FJ, Rühli; J-B, Ruidavets; E, Ruiz Moreno; BS, Ruiz-Betancourt; P, Russo; P, Rust; M, Rutkowski; C, Sabanayagam; HS, Sachdev; S, Safiri; O, Saidi; B, Salanave; E, Salazar-Martinez; D, Salmerón; V, Salomaa; JT, Salonen; M, Salvetti; J, Sánchez-Abanto; S, Sandjaja, Sans; L, Santa-Marina; DA, Santos; IS, Santos; O, Santos; R, Santos; SS, Sanz; JL, Saramies; LB, Sardinha; N, Sarrafzadegan; K-U, Saum; S, Savva; M, Savy; M, Scazufca; A, Schaffrath Rosario; H, Schargrodsky; A, Schienkiewitz; K, Schindler; S, Schipf; CO, Schmidt; IM, Schmidt; B, Schöttker; C, Schultsz; AE, Schutte; S, Sebert; AA, Sein; R, Selamat; V, Sember; A, Sen; IO, Senbanjo; SG, Sepanlou; V, Sequera; L, Serra-Majem; J, Servais; SA, Shalnova; SK, Sharma; JE, Shaw; L, Shengelia; K, Shibuya; H, Shimizu-Furusawa; DW, Shin; Y, Shin; A, Siani; R, Siantar; AM, Sibai; AM, Silva; DAS, Silva; M, Simon; J, Simons; LA, Simons; K, Si-Ramlee; A, Sjöberg; M, Sjöström; J, Slowikowska-Hilczer; P, Slusarczyk; L, Smeeth; MB, Snijder; H-K, So; E, Sobngwi; S, Söderberg; MYE, Soekatri; A, Soemantri; V, Solfrizzi; E, Sonestedt; Y, Song; TIA, Sørensen; C, Sossa Jérome; A, Soumaré; A, Spinelli; I, Spiroski; JA, Staessen; H, Stamm; MG, Stathopoulou; K, Staub; B, Stavreski; J, Steene-Johannessen; P, Stehle; AD, Stein; GS, Stergiou; J, Stessman; D, Stöckl; T, Stocks; J, Stokwiszewski; G, Stratton; K, Stronks; MW, Strufaldi; L, Sturua; R, Suárez-Medina; C-A, Sun; J, Sundström; Y-T, Sung; J, Sunyer; P, Suriyawongpaisal; BA, Swinburn; RG, Sy; RC, Sylva; L, Szponar; ES, Tai; M-L, Tammesoo; A, Tamosiunas; EJ, Tan; X, Tang; F, Tanser; Y, Tao; MR, Tarawneh; J, Tarp; CB, Tarqui-Mamani; R, Taxová Braunerová; A, Taylor; F, Tchibindat; WR, Tebar; G, Tell; T, Tello; H, Theobald; X, Theodoridis; L, Thijs; BH, Thuesen; L, Tichá; EJ, Timmermans; A, Tjonneland; HK, Tolonen; JS, Tolstrup; M, Topbas; R, Topór-Madry; MJ, Tormo; MJ, Tornaritis; M, Torrent; S, Toselli; P, Traissac; D, Trichopoulos; A, Trichopoulou; OTH, Trinh; A, Trivedi; Y-H, Tsao; L, Tshepo; M, Tsigga; S, Tsugane; MK, Tulloch-Reid; F, Tullu; T-P, Tuomainen; J, Tuomilehto; ML, Turley; P, Tynelius; T, Tzotzas; C, Tzourio; P, Ueda; EE, Ugel; FAM, Ukoli; H, Ulmer; B, Unal; HMT, Uusitalo; J, Vaitkeviciute; G, Valdivia; S, Vale; D, Valvi; YT, van der Schouw; K, Van Herck; H, Van Minh; L, van Rossem; NM, Van Schoor; IGM, van Valkengoed; D, Vanderschueren; D, Vanuzzo; G, Varela-Moreiras; P, Varona-Pérez; L, Vatten; T, Vega; T, Veidebaum; G, Velasquez-Melendez; B, Velika; G, Veronesi; WMM, Verschuren; CG, Victora; G, Viegi; L, Viet; P, Vineis; J, Vioque; JK, Virtanen; M, Visser; S, Visvikis-Siest; B, Viswanathan; T, Vlasoff; P, Vollenweider; H, Völzke; A, Voutilainen; S, Voutilainen; M, Vrijheid; TGM, Vrijkotte; AN, Wade; A, Wagner; T, Waldhör; J, Walton; WM, Wan Bebakar; WN, Wan Mohamud; RS, Wanderley; Jr; M-D, Wang; Q, Wang; X, Wang; YX, Wang; Y-W, Wang; SG, Wannamethee; N, Wareham; A, Weber; D, Weerasekera; D, Weghuber; W, Wei; PH, Whincup; K, Widhalm; IS, Widyahening; A, Wiecek; AH, Wijga; RJ, Wilks; J, Willeit; P, Willeit; T, Wilsgaard; B, Wojtyniak; JE, Wong; TY, Wong; RA, Wong-McClure; J, Woo; M, Woodward; FC, Wu; J, Wu; S, Wu; H, Xu; L, Xu; U, Yamborisut; W, Yan; L, Yang; X, Yang; Y, Yang; N, Yardim; M, Yaseri; X, Ye; PK, Yiallouros; A, Yngve; M, Yoosefi; A, Yoshihara; QS, You; S-L, You; NO, Younger-Coleman; AF, Yusoff; L, Zaccagni; V, Zafiropulos; F, Zamani; S, Zambon; A, Zampelas; H, Zamrazilová; ME, Zapata; KK, Zaw; T, Zdrojewski; T, Zeljkovic Vrkic; Y, Zeng; D, Zhao; W, Zhao; W, Zheng; Y, Zheng; B, Zholdin; M, Zhou; D, Zhu; B, Zhussupov; E, Zimmermann; J, Zuñiga Cisneros; M, Ezzati
Contributors:	Bixby H; Bentham J; Zhou B; Di Cesare M; Paciorek CJ; Bennett JE; Taddei C; Stevens GA; Rodriguez-Martinez A; Carrillo-Larco RM; Khang Y-H; Sorić M; Gregg EW; Miranda JJ; Bhutta ZA; Savin S; Sophiea MK; Iurilli MLC; Solomon BD; Cowan MJ; Riley LM; Danaei G; Bovet P; Chirita-Emandi A; Hambleton IR; Hayes AJ; Ikeda N; Kengne AP; Laxmaiah A; Li Y; McGarvey ST; Mostafa A; Neovius M; Starc G; Zainuddin AA; Abarca-Gómez L; Abdeen ZA; Abdrakhmanova S; Abdul Ghaffar S; Abdul Hamid Z; Abubakar Garba J; Abu-Rmeileh NM; Acosta-Cazares B; Adams RJ; Aekplakorn W; Afsana K; Agdeppa IA; Aguilar-Salinas CA; Agyemang C; Ahmad MH; Ahmad NA; Ahmadi N; Ahmadvand A; Ahrens W; Ajlouni K; AlBuhairan F; AlDhukair S; Al-Hazzaa HM; Ali MM; Ali O; Alkerwi A; Al-Othman AR; Al-Raddadi R; Alvarez-Pedrerol M; Aly E; Amarapurkar DN; Amouyel P; Amuzu A; Andersen LB; Anderssen SA; Ängquist LH; Anjana RM; Ansari-Moghaddam A; Aounallah-Skhiri H; Araújo J; Ariansen I; Aris T; Arku RE; Arlappa N; Aryal KK; Aspelund T; Assah FK; Assunção MCF; Aung MS; Auvinen J; Avdicová M; Azevedo A; Azizi F; Azmin M; Babu BV; Baharudin A; Bahijri S; Baker JL; Balakrishna N; Bamoshmoosh M; Banach M; Bandosz P; Banegas JR; Barbagallo CM; Barceló A
Publication Year:	2019
Collection:	IRIS Università degli Studi di Palermo
Subject Terms:	Obesity; body mass index; Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna
Description:	Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities1,2. This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity3–6. Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017—and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions—was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing—and in some countries reversal—of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
Document Type:	article in journal/newspaper
Language:	English
Relation:	info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/31068725; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000467473600049; issue:569; firstpage:260; lastpage:264; numberofpages:5; journal:NATURE; https://hdl.handle.net/10447/416782
DOI:	10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x
Availability:	https://hdl.handle.net/10447/416782; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x
Rights:	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Accession Number:	edsbas.7C5A0311
Database:	BASE