| Title: |
Graph Neural Networks for Photon Searches with the Underground Muon Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory |
| Authors: |
Pierre Auger Collaboration; Abdul Halim, Adila; Abreu, Pedro; Aglietta, Marco; Allekotte, Ingomar; Almeida Cheminant, Kevin; Almela, Alejandro; Aloisio, Roberto; Alvarez-Muñiz, Jaime; Ambrosone, Antonio; Ammerman Yebra, Juan; Anastasi, Gioacchino Alex; Anchordoqui, Luis A.; Andrada, Belén; Andrade Dourado, Luciana; Andringa, Sofia; Apollonio, Lorenzo; Aramo, Carla; Arnone, Enrico; Arteaga Velazquez, Juan Carlos; Assis, Pedro; Avila, Gualberto; Avocone, Emanuele; Bakalova, Alena; Barbato, Felicia; Bartz Mocellin, Adriel; Bellido, Jose A.; Berat, Corinne; Bertaina, Mario E.; Bianciotto, Marta; Biermann, Peter L.; Binet, Virginia; Bismark, Kathrin; Bister, Teresa; Biteau, Jonathan; Blazek, Jiri; Blümer, Johannes; Bohacova, Martina; Boncioli, Denise; Bonifazi, Carla; Bonneau Arbeletche, Luan; Borodai, Nataliia; Brack, Jeffrey; Brichetto Orchera, P. Gabriel; Briechle, Florian Lukas; Bueno, Antonio; Buitink, Stijn; Buscemi, Mario; Büsken, Max; Bwembya, Anthony; Caballero-Mora, Karen S.; Cabana-Freire, Sergio; Caccianiga, Lorenzo; Campuzano, Federico; Caraça-Valente, Jorge; Caruso, Rossella; Castellina, Antonella; Catalani, Fernando; Cataldi, Gabriella; Cazon, Lorenzo; Cerda, Marcos; Čermáková, Berenika; Cermenati, Alessandro; Chinellato, Jose Augusto; Chudoba, Jiří; Chytka, Ladislav; Clay, Roger W.; Cobos Cerutti, Agustín; Colalillo, Roberta; Conceição, Rúben; Consolati, Giovanni; Conte, Matteo; Convenga, Fabio; Correia dos Santos, Diego; Costa, Pedro J.; Covault, Corbin; Cristinziani, Markus; Cruz Sanchez, Carlo Salvattore; Dasso, Sergio; Daumiller, Kai; Dawson, Bruce R.; de Almeida, Rogerio M.; de Boone, Eric-Teunis; de Errico, Beatriz; de Jesús, Joaquín; de Jong, Sijbrand J.; de Mello Neto, João; De Mitri, Ivan; de Oliveira, Jaime; de Oliveira Franco, Danelise; de Palma, Francesco; de Souza, Vitor; De Vito, Emanuele; Del Popolo, Antonino; Deligny, Olivier; Denner, Nikolas; Deval, Luca; di Matteo, Armando; Dobrigkeit, Carola; D'Olivo, Juan Carlos; Domingues Mendes, Luis Miguel; Dorosti, Qader; dos Anjos, Joao; dos Anjos, Rita Cassia; Ebr, Jan; Ellwanger, Fiona H.; Engel, Ralph; Epicoco, Italo; Erdmann, Martin; Etchegoyen, Alberto; Evoli, Carmelo; Falcke, Heino; Farrar, Glennys R.; Fauth, Anderson; Fehler, Tim; Feldbusch, Fridtjof; Fernandes, Alexandra; Fernandez, Mateo; Fick, Brian; Figueira, Juan Manuel; Filip, Paul; Filipcic, Andrej; Fitoussi, Thomas; Flaggs, Benjamin; Fodran, Tomáš; Franco, Antonio; Freitas, Milton; Fujii, Toshihiro; Fuster, Alan; Galea, Cristina; Garcia, Beatriz; Gaudu, Chloé; Ghia, Piera Luisa; GIACCARI, Ugo; Gobbi, Fabian; Gollan, Fernando; Golup, Geraldina; Gómez Berisso, Mariano; Gómez Vitale, Primo F.; Gongora, Juan Pablo; Gonzalez, Juan Manuel; Gonzalez, Nicolas Martin; Gora, Dariusz; Gorgi, Alessio; Gottowik, Marvin; Guarino, Fausto; Guedes, Germano; Gülzow, Lukas; Hahn, Steffen; Hamal, Petr; Hampel, Matías Rolf; Hansen, Patricia María; Harvey, Violet M.; Haungs, Andreas; Hebbeker, Thomas; Hojvat, Carlos; Hörandel, Jörg; Horvath, Pavel; Hrabovsky, Miroslav; Huege, Tim; Insolia, Antonio; Isar, Paula Gina; Ismaiel, Mohamed; Janecek, Petr; Jilek, Vlastimil; Kampert, Karl-Heinz; Keilhauer, Bianca; Khakurdikar, Abha; Kizakke Covilakam, Varada Varma; Klages, Hans; Kleifges, Matthias; Köhler, Jelena; Krieger, Frederik; Kubatova, Margita; Kunka, Norbert; Lago, Bruno L.; Langner, Niklas; Leal, Nicolas; Leigui de Oliveira, Marcelo Augusto; Lema-Capeans, Yago; Letessier-Selvon, Antoine; Lhenry-Yvon, Isabelle; LOPES, Luis; Lundquist, Jon Paul; Mallamaci, Manuela; Mandat, Dusan; Mantsch, Paul; Mariani, Federico Maria; Mariazzi, Analisa; Maris, Ioana Codrina; Marsella, Giovanni; Martello, Daniele; Martinelli, Sara; Martins, Miguel A.; Mathes, Hermann-Josef; Matthews, James; Matthiae, Giorgio; Mayotte, Eric William; Mayotte, Sonja; Mazur, Peter; Medina-Tanco, Gustavo; Meinert, Janning; Melo, Diego; Menshikov, Alexander; Merx, Carmen; Michal, Stanislav; Micheletti, Maria Isabel; Miramonti, Lino; Mogarkar, Megha; Mollerach, Silvia; Montanet, François; Morejon, Leonel; Mulrey, Katharine; Mussa, Roberto; Namasaka, Wilson M.; Negi, Shefali; Nellen, Lukas; Nguyen, Khoa; Nicora, Gabriela; Niechciol, Marcus; Nitz, Dave; Nosek, Dalibor; Novikov, Alexander; Novotný, Vladimír; Nozka, Libor; Nucita, Achille; Nunez, Luis A.; Ochoa, José; Oliveira, Cainã; Östman, Leo; Palatka, Miroslav; Pallotta, Juan; Panja, Shayoni; Parente, Gonzalo; Paulsen, Therese; Pawlowsky, Jannis; Pech, Miroslav; Pękala, Jan; Pelayo, Rodrigo; Pelgrims, Vincent; Pereira, Luiz Augusto; Pereira Martins, Edyvania Emily; Pérez Bertolli, Carmina; Perrone, Lorenzo; Petrera, Sergio; Petrucci, Camilla; Pierog, Tanguy; Pimenta, Mário; Platino, Manuel; Pont, Bjarni; Pourmohammad Shahvar, Mohsen; Privitera, Paolo; Priyadarshi, Chaitanya; Prouza, Michael; Pytel, Krzysztof; Querchfeld, Sven; Rautenberg, Julian; Ravignani, Diego; Reginatto Akim, João Vitor; Reuzki, Alex; Ridky, Jan; Riehn, Felix; Risse, Markus; Rizi, Vincenzo; Rodriguez, Ezequiel; Rodriguez Fernandez, Gonzalo; Rodriguez Rojo, Jorge Rubén; Rossoni, Simone; Roth, Markus; Roulet, Esteban; Rovero, Adrian; Saftoiu, Alexandra; Saharan, Mohit; Salamida, Francesco; Salazar, Humberto Ibarguen; Salina, Gaetano; Sampathkumar, Pranav; San Martin, Nicolas; Sanabria Gomez, Jose; Sánchez, Federico Andrés; Santos, Edivaldo Moura; Santos, Eva; Sarazin, Fred; Sarmento, Raul; Sato, Ricardo; Savina, Pierpaolo; Scherini, Viviana; Schieler, Harald; Schimassek, Martin; Schimp, Michael; Schmidt, David; Scholten, Olaf; Schoorlemmer, Harm; Schovanek, Petr; Schröder, Frank G.; Schulte, Josina; Schulz, Tobias; Sciutto, Sergio J.; Scornavacche, Marina; Sedoski, Adrian; Segreto, Alberto; Sehgal, Srijan; Shivashankara, Shima Ujjani; Sigl, Guenter; Simkova, Katarína; Simon, Frank; Smida, Radomir; Sommers, Paul; Squartini, Ruben; Stadelmaier, Maximilian; Stanič, Samo; Stasielak, Jaroslaw; Stassi, Patrick; Strähnz, Simon; Straub, Maximilian; Suomijarvi, Tiina; Supanitsky, A. Daniel; Svozilikova, Zuzana; Syrokvas, Karolina; Szadkowski, Zbigniew; Tairli, Fedor; Tambone, Matteo; Tapia, Alex; Taricco, Carla; Timmermans, Charles; Tkachenko, Olena; Tobiska, Petr; Todero Peixoto, Carlos J.; Tomé, Bernardo; Travaini, Andres; Travnicek, Petr; Tueros, Matias Jorge; Unger, Michael; Uzeiroska, Rukije; Vaclavek, Lukáš; Vacula, Martin; Vaiman, Igor; Valdés Galicia, Jose F.; Valore, Laura; van Dillen, Pim; Varela, Enrique; Vašíčková, Veronika; Vásquez-Ramírez, Adriana; Veberic, Darko; Vergara Quispe, Indira D.; Verpoest, Stef; Verzi, Valerio; Vicha, Jakub; Vink, Jacco; Vorobiov, Serguei; Vuta, Jhansi Bhavani; Watanabe, Clara Keiko Oliveira; Watson, Alan; Weindl, Andreas; Weitz, Melanie; Wiencke, Lawrence; Wilczyński, Henryk; Wundheiler, Brian; Yue, Baobiao; Yushkov, Alexey; Zas, Enrique; Zavrtanik, Danilo; Zavrtanik, Marko |
| Source: |
ISSN: 1824-8039. |
| Publisher Information: |
Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati |
| Publication Year: |
2025 |
| Collection: |
KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie) |
| Subject Terms: |
ddc:530; Physics; info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/530 |
| Description: |
Ultra-high-energy photons have long been sought as tracers of the most energetic processes in the Universe. Several sources can contribute to a diffuse photon flux, including interactions of cosmic rays with Galactic matter and radiation fields, as well as more exotic scenarios such as the decay of super-heavy dark matter. Regardless of their origin, the expected flux is extremely low, making direct detection impractical and thereby requiring indirect detection by extensive ground-based detector arrays. In this contribution, we present a novel method for photon–hadron discrimination in the energy range of 50 to 300PeV based on deep learning algorithms. Our approach relies on information from both the Surface Detector (SD) and the Underground Muon Detector (UMD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The SD consists of an array of water-Cherenkov detectors. It is used to measure the electromagnetic and muonic components of extensive air showers at ground level. Meanwhile, the UMD is composed of buried scintillator modules. It is sensitive to air-shower muons with energies above ∼1GeV, enhancing the identification of muon-poor air showers as initiated by photon primaries. Our method represents air-shower events as graphs, and consequently, the network architecture is composed of graph attention layers. We assess the performance of the method on a data subset and discuss the implications of unblinding the full current dataset, as well as the prospects of the increasing data volume expected in the coming years, particularly in terms of sensitivity to various diffuse fluxes from theoretical predictions. |
| Document Type: |
article in journal/newspaper; conference object |
| File Description: |
application/pdf |
| Language: |
English |
| ISSN: |
1824-8039 |
| Relation: |
Proceedings of Science (PoC); info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/issn/1824-8039; https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000190571; https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000190571/174893545; https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000190571 |
| DOI: |
10.5445/IR/1000190571 |
| Availability: |
https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000190571; https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000190571/174893545; https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000190571 |
| Rights: |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.7EB0AD4F |
| Database: |
BASE |