| Title: |
Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050 : a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| Authors: |
Ng, Marie; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Lo, Justin; Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Nasir; Abbasian, Mohammadreza; Abd ElHafeez, Samar; Abdel-Rahman, Wael M.; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief; Abdollahi, Arash; Abdoun, Meriem; Abdulah, Deldar Morad; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Abdullahi, Auwal; Abedi, Armita; Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika; Abie, Alemwork; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Abohashem, Shady; Abtahi, Dariush; Abualruz, Hasan; Abubakar, Bilyaminu; Abu Farha, Rana Kamal; Abukhadijah, Hana J.; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E.; Aburuz, Salahdein; Abu-Zaid, Ahmed; Adams, Lisa C.; Adane, Mesafint Molla; Addo, Isaac Yeboah; Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola; Adegoke, Nurudeen A.; Adepoju, Abiola Victor Victor; Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan; Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther; Adiga, Usha; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Afaghi, Siamak; Afzal, Saira; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Agampodi, Thilini Chanchala; Aghamiri, Shahin; Sobrinho, Cesar Agostinis; Agyemang-Duah, Williams; Ahlstrom, Austin J.; Ahmad, Danish; Ahmad, Sajjad; Ahmad, Aqeel; Ahmad, Muayyad M.; Ahmad, Fuzail; Ahmad, Noah; Ahmed, Haroon; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Ahmed, Ayman; Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh; Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif; Ahmed, Syed Anees; Ajami, Marjan; Akhtar, Samina; Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed; Akrami, Ashley E.; Alalwan, Tariq A.; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Al-Amer, Rasmieh Mustafa; Alansari, Amani; Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y.; Albashtawy, Mohammed; Aldhaleei, Wafa A.; Alemayehu, Bezawit Abeje; Algammal, Abdelazeem M.; Alhabib, Khalid F.; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz; Alhuwail, Dari; Ali, Rafat; Ali, Abid; Ali, Waad; Ali, Mohammed Usman; Alif, Sheikh Mohammad; Al-Jabi, Samah W.; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alkhatib, Ahmad; Al-Marwani, Sabah; Alomari, Mahmoud A.; Alqahtani, Saleh A.; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Mohammad; Alrawashdeh, Ahmad; Alrimawi, Intima; Alrousan, Sahel Majed; Alshahrani, Najim Z.; Al Ta'ani, Omar; Al Ta'ani, Zain; Altaany, Zaid; Altaf, Awais; Al Thaher, Yazan; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Al-Wardat, Mohammad; Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed; Aly, Safwat; Aly, Hany; Alzahrani, Hosam; Alzoubi, Abdallah; Alzoubi, Karem H.; Al-Zubayer, Md Akib; Amiri, Sohrab; Amu, Hubert; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi; Ananda, Roshan A.; Ancuceanu, Robert; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Ansari, Sumbul; Ansari, Mohammed Tahir; Antony, Catherine M.; Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola; Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen; Anvari, Saeid; Anwar, Saleha; Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward; Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace; Arab, Juan Pablo; Arabloo, Jalal; Arafat, Mosab; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Areda, Demelash; Arifin, Hidayat; Arkew, Mesay; Armocida, Benedetta; Arnlov, Johan; Arooj, Mahwish; Artamonov, Anton A.; Artanti, Kurnia Dwi; Arumugam, Ashokan; Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad; Ashraf, Tahira; Asiamah-Asare, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah; Asrat, Anemaw A.; Astell-Burt, Thomas; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atorkey, Prince; Atreya, Alok; Aumoldaeva, Zaure Maratovna; Awad, Hamzeh; Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew; Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu; Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara; Azargoonjahromi, Ali; Azimi, Amirali; Aziz, Sadat Abdulla; Aziz, Shahkaar; Azzam, Ahmed Y.; Azzolino, Domenico; Azzopardi, Peter S.; Babashahi, Mina; Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bagheri, Nasser; Bahurupi, Yogesh; Bai, Ruhai; Baig, Atif Amin; Bakkannavar, Shankar M.; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin; Bam, Kiran; Banach, Maciej; Banik, Rajon; Bardhan, Mainak; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Barquera, Simon; Barua, Lingkan; Basharat, Zarrin; Bashir, Shahid; Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi; Basu, Saurav; Bayat, Reza; Bayih, Mulat Tirfie; Beeraka, Narasimha M.; Begum, Tahmina; Bello, Umar Muhammad; Bello, Abdulrahman Babatunde; Belo, Luis; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Bergami, Maria; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berihun, Abiye Assefa; Bhadoria, Ajeet Singh; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhalla, Jaideep Singh; Bharadwaj, Ravi; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bhat, Ajay Nagesh; Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini; Bhattacharjee, Shuvarthi; Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh; Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur; Bikov, Andras; Bilgin, Cem; Bisignano, Catherine; Biswas, Bijit; Peroni, Bruno Bizzozero; Bjertness, Espen; Bjorge, Tone; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao; Borhany, Hamed; Bosoka, Samuel Adolf; Bouaoud, Souad; Boyko, Edward J.; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brazo-Sayavera, Javier; Brenner, Hermann; Britton, Gabrielle; Bryazka, Dana; Bugiardini, Raffaele; Bui, Linh Phuong; Busch, Felix; Bustanji, Yasser; Butt, Nadeem Shafique; Butt, Zahid A.; Calina, Daniela; Campos, Luciana Aparecida; Campos-Nonato, Ismael; Cao, Si; Cao, Yin; Capodici, Angelo; Carvalho, Andre F.; Carvalho, Marcia; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cattafesta, Monica; Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia; Cegolon, Luca; Cembranel, Francieli; Cenko, Edina; Cerin, Ester; Cernigliaro, Achille; Chadwick, Joshua; Chakraborty, Chiranjib; Chan, Raymond N. C.; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad; Chaurasia, Akhilanand; Chen, Guangjin; Chen, An-Tian; Chen, Haowei; Cheng, Esther T. W.; Chew, Nicholas W. S.; Chi, Gerald; Chimoriya, Ritesh; Ching, Patrick R.; Choi, Dong-Woo; Chong, Bryan; Chopra, Hitesh; Chopra, Shivani; Chou, Hou In; Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Sunghyun; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Chutiyami, Muhammad; Cini, Karly I.; Cioffi, Iolanda; Cogen, Rebecca M.; Collado-Mateo, Daniel; Columbus, Alyssa; Conrad, Nathalie; Criqui, Michael H.; Cruz-Martins, Natalia; Cummins, Steven; D'Amico, Emanuele; D'Anna, Lucio; D'Oria, Mario; Dadras, Omid; Dai, Xiaochen; Dalakoti, Mayank; Dandona, Rakhi; Dandona, Lalit; Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn; Darcho, Samuel Demissie; Soltani, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh; da Silva, Alanna Gomes; Davletov, Kairat; Delgado-Enciso, Ivan; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Molla, Meseret Derbew; Dergaa, Ismail; Desale, Aragaw Tesfaw; Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan; Devegowda, Devananda; Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman; Dhali, Arkadeep; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dhungel, Bibha; Diaz, Daniel; Dinu, Monica; Dodangeh, Milad; Dohare, Sushil; Dokova, Klara Georgieva; Dolatkhah, Neda; do Prado, Camila Bruneli; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai; Doshi, Rajkumar Prakashbhai; Dowou, Robert Kokou; Dsouza, Viola Savy; Du, Mi; Dumith, Samuel C.; Dumuid, Dorothea; Duncan, Bruce B.; Dutta, Sulagna; Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian; Ebrahimi, Alireza; Eftekhari, Behrad; Sedeh, Ashkan Eighaei; Ekholuenetale, Michael; Eladl, Mohamed Ahmed; El Arab, Rabie Adel; El-Ashker, Said; Elbarazi, Iffat; El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat; Elgendy, Islam Y.; Elhadi, Muhammed; El-Huneidi, Waseem; El-Metwally, Ashraf A.; Elmonem, Mohamed A.; Elnaem, Mohamed Hassan; Elsheikh, Randa; Elsohaby, Ibrahim; Eltaha, Chadi; Emeto, Theophilus I.; Eslami, Maysa; Eze, Ugochukwu Anthony; Fadavian, Heidar; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis; Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich; Faraji, Seyed Nooreddin; Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa; Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud; Farooque, Umar; Farrokhpour, Hossein; Fasusi, Samuel Aanuoluwapo; Fazeli, Patrick; Fazylov, Timur; Feizkhah, Alireza; Fekadu, Ginenus; Feng, Xiaoqi; Fernandes, Joao C.; Fernandez-Jimenez, Rodrigo; Ferreira, Nuno; Feyisa, Bikila Regassa; Fischer, Florian; Flood, David; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Foroumadi, Roham; Rodrigues, Celia Fortuna; Foschi, Matteo; Fotouhi, Maryam; Francis, Kate Louise; Franklin, Richard Charles; Gaba, Ales; Gadanya, Muktar A.; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Galali, Yaseen; Gallus, Silvano; Ganesan, Balasankar; Gangachannaiah, Shivaprakash; Espinoza, Wendy Paola Gastelum; Gebregergis, Miglas Welay; Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru; Getacher, Lemma; Ghadirian, Fataneh; Jolfayi, Amir Ghaffari; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi; Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed; Gil, Artyom Urievich; Gill, Tiffany K.; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Golechha, Mahaveer; Golinelli, Davide; Grivna, Michal; Grover, Ashna; Guan, Zhongyang; Guan, Shi-Yang; Guarducci, Giovanni; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Guha, Avirup; Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga; Guo, Zheng; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Anish Kumar; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Steven Gutierrez-Murillo, Roberth; Guzman-Esquivel, Jose; Hadi, Najah R.; Hadian, Zahra; Hamdy, Nadia M.; Hameed, Sajid; Hamidi, Samer; Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad; Hanif, Asif; Hanifi, Nasrin; Hankey, Graeme J.; Haq, Allie; Harlianto, Netanja I.; Haro, Josep Maria; Hartono, Risky Kusuma; Hasan, Faizul; Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem; Hasnain, Md Saquib; Hassan, Amr; Hassan, Nageeb; Hassanipour, Soheil; Rad, Afagh Hassanzade; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hay, Simon I.; He, Wen-Qiang; Hebert, Jeffrey J.; Heidari, Golnaz; Hemmati, Mehdi; Hiraike, Yuta; Hoan, Nguyen Quoc; Hoang, Mai; Holla, Ramesh; Hoogar, Praveen; Hopkins, Ashley Mark; Hossain, Alamgir; Hosseinzadeh, Hassan; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Htay, Zin Wai; Hu, Chengxi; Huang, Junjie; Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes; Husseiny, Mohamed Ibrahim; Huynh, Hong-Han; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ibrayeva, Anel; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Imam, Mohammad Tarique; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Inok, Arit; Irham, Lalu Muhammad; Islam, Md Rabiul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islam, Rakibul M.; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Iso, Hiroyasu; Isola, Gaetano; Ituka, Mosimah Charles; Iwagami, Masao; Iwu-Jaja, Chinwe Juliana; Iyasu, Assefa N.; Vinothini, J.; Jacob, Louis; Jaffar, Shabbar; Jahrami, Haitham; Jain, Akhil; Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalloh, Mohamed Lamrana; Javaid, Syed Sarmad; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jayarajah, Umesh; Jayaram, Shubha; Jebai, Rime; Jebasingh, Felix K.; Jema, Alelign Tasew; Jokar, Mohammad; Jonas, Jost B.; Jose, Jobinse; Joseph, Nitin; Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kaambwa, Billingsley; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kakkar, Ashish Kumar; Kalra, Sanjay; Kamarajah, Sivesh Kathir; Kanaan, Saddam Fuad; Kankam, Samuel Berchi; Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem; Kapoor, Neeti; Karajizadeh, Mehrdad; Karakasis, Paschalis; Karasneh, Reema A.; Karimi, Yeganeh; Behnagh, Arman Karimi; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kauppila, Joonas H.; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Kehagias, Dimitrios; Kerr, Jessica A.; Keshwani, Ariz; Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle; Keykhaei, Mohammad; Khaing, Inn Kynn; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalili, Pantea; Khalilian, Alireza; Khalis, Mohamed; Khan, Mohammad Jobair; Khan, Maseer; Khan, Nusrat; Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed; Khan, Ajmal; Khan, Moien A. B.; Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh; Khatab, Khaled; Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khidri, Feriha Fatima; Khorashadizadeh, Fatemeh; Khosla, Atulya Aman; Khosravi, Sepehr; Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Khusun, Helda; Kim, Jinho; Kim, Kwanghyun; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kisa, Adnan; Kishore, Ladli; Kivimäki, Mika; Kokkorakis, Michail; Kolahi, Ali-Asghar; Kompani, Farzad; Korzh, Oleksii; Kostev, Karel; Laxminarayana; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Kretchy, Irene Akwo; Krishan, Kewal; Kua, Chong-Han; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Kulimbet, Mukhtar; Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha; Kumar, Ashish; Kumar, Vijay; Kumar, G. Anil; Kundu, Satyajit; Kunutsor, Setor K.; Kurmi, Om P.; Kurniasari, Maria Dyah; Kusuma, Dian; Kyto, Ville; Lacey, Ben; Lahariya, Chandrakant; Lai, Daphne Teck Ching; Lai, Hanpeng; Landires, Ivan; Larijani, Bagher; Latief, Kamaluddin; La Vecchia, Carlo; Le, Nhi Huu Hanh; Lee, Munjae; Lee, Sang-woong; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lee, Seung Won; Lee, Paul H.; Li, Ming-Chieh; Li, Yongze; Li, Weilong; Lim, Stephen S.; Lin, Queran; Lin, Jialing; Lindholm, Daniel; Lindstedt, Paulina A.; Liu, Simin; Llanaj, Erand; Francisco Lopez-Gil, Jose; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lucchetti, Giancarlo; Lugo, Alessandra; Lutambi, Angelina M.; Lv, Lei; Lytvyak, Ellina; Ma, Zheng Feei; Machoy, Monika; Magana Gomez, Javier A.; Maghbouli, Nastaran; Mahalleh, Mehrdad; Mahmood, Nozad H.; Mahmoudi, Elham; Maiti, Rituparna; Makris, Konstantinos Christos C.; Malhotra, Kashish; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Malik, Iram; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Mansourian, Marjan; Manu, Emmanuel; Marateb, Hamid Reza; Marino, Mirko; Marjani, Abdoljalal; Martinez-Piedra, Ramon; Martini, Santi; Martorell, Miquel; Marzouk, Sammer; Masi, Stefano; Masrouri, Soroush; Mathangasinghe, Yasith; Mathur, Manu Raj; Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido; Matthias, Thushara; Mattiello, Rita; Mazidi, Mohsen; McPhail, Steven M.; Mechili, Enkeleint A.; Mehboob, Riffat; Mehmood, Asim; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran; Meto, Tesfahun Mekene; Meles, Hadush Negash; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengistie, Emiru Ayalew; Meo, Sultan Ayoub; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mettananda, Sachith; Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege; Nogueira de Sa; Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide; Miller, Ted R.; Mini, G. K.; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Misganaw, Awoke; Mittal, Madhukar; Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail; Mohamed, Mona Gamal; Mohamed, Nouh Saad; Mohamed, Jama; Mohammad, Taj; Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh; Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohammed, Mustapha; Mokdad, Ali H.; Mondello, Stefania; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Moradi, Maryam; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mossialos, Elias; Motappa, Rohith; Mulita, Francesk; Mullany, Erin C.; Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham; Murillo-Zamora, Efren; Musa, Sani; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthu, Sathish; Myung, Woojae; Naghavi, Pirouz; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naik, Ganesh R.; Naik, Hiten; Nambi, Gopal; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Nascimento, Gustavo G.; Nassar, Mahmoud; Natto, Zuhair S.; Nauman, Javaid; Naureen, Zakira; Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Nayon, Md Fahad Shahariar; Nazri-Panjaki, Athare; Negahdary, Masoud; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Negoi, Ionut; Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria; Nematollahi, Soroush; Nepal, Samata; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Dang; Nguyen, Trang; Nguyen, Duc Hoang; Nguyen, Phuong The; Niazi, Robina Khan; Nieddu, Luciano; Niknam, Mahdieh; Nikoobar, Ali; Nkeck, Jan Rene; Nomura, Shuhei; Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed; Noreen, Mamoona; Noroozi, Masoud; Nawsherwan; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nouri, Mehran; Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi; Nugen, Fred; Nurrika, Dieta; Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet; O'Connell, Erin M.; Oancea, Bogdan; Oguta, James Odhiambo; Oh, In-Hwan; Okati-Aliabad, Hassan; Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul; Okonji, Osaretin Christabel; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olalusi, Oladotun Victor; Olanrewaju, Timothy Olusegun; Olasupo, Omotola O.; Moraes Oliveira, Glaucia Maria; Belitardo Oliveira, Arao; Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris; Omar, Hany A.; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Opitz, Marcel; Ordak, Michal; Ortiz, Alberto; Osborne, Augustus; Osman, Wael M. S.; Osman, Alaa A. M.; Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi; Otoiu, Adrian; Oumer, Abdu; Ouyahia, Amel; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Owusu, Irene Amoakoh; Oyebola, Kolapo; Padukudru, Mahesh P. A.; Padron-Monedero, Alicia; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Panda, Sujogya Kumar; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Pardhan, Shahina; Parekh, Utsav; Parija, Pragyan Paramita; Parikh, Romil R.; Park, Eun-Cheol; Pashaei, Ava; Passera, Roberto; Patel, Hemal M.; Pathan, Aslam Ramjan; Patoulias, Dimitrios; Patton, George C.; Paudel, Susan; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Pensato, Umberto; Peprah, Prince; Pereira, Gavin; Pereira, Marcos; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy; Perico, Norberto; Perna, Simone; Petcu, Ionela-Roxana; Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily; Pham, Hoang Nhat; Polibin, Roman V.; Popovic, Djordje S.; Pourghazi, Farzad; Pourshams, Akram; Pradhan, Jalandhar; Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh; Prasad, Manya; Prashant, Akila; Prates, Elton Junio Sady; Putra, I. Gusti Ngurah Edi; Puvvula, Jagadeesh; Qattea, Ibrahim; Qiu, Jia-Yong; Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman; Radojcic, Maja R.; Raggi, Catalina; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Fryad Majeed; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahmani, Saeed; Rahmanian, Vahid; Rahmawaty, Setyaningrum; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Raimondo, Ivano; Raj, Jeffrey Pradeep; Rajput, Prashant; Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed; Ramasamy, Chitra; Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran; Ramazanu, Sheena; Rana, Kritika; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rao, Mithun; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rashedi, Sina; Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi; Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan; Rathish, Devarajan; Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar; Rautalin, Ilari; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Redwan, Elrashdy M. Moustafa Mohamed; Rege, Sanika; Reis-Mendes, Ana; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Rezaei, Nazila; Rezaeian, Mohsen; Rezazadeh, Hossein; Rhee, Taeho Gregory; Rocha Rocha-Gomes, Joao; Rodrigues, Monica; Rodrigues da Silva, Thales Philipe; Buendia Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio; Roever, Leonardo; Rohlof, Peter; Romadlon, Debby Syahru; Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rout, Himanshu Sekhar; Roy, Nitai; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Saad, Aly M. A.; Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed; Sabet, Cameron John; Sadarangani, Kabir P.; Saddik, Basema Ahmad; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Saeed, Umar; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safi, Sher Zaman; Saghazadeh, Amene; Sagoe, Dominic; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb; Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop; Sajid, Mirza Rizwan; Salaroli, Luciane B.; Saleh, Mohamed A.; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Salimi, Sohrab; Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo; Samuel, Vijaya Paul; Samy, Abdallah M.; Santhekadur, Prasanna K.; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Saqib, Muhammad Arif Nadeem; Saraswati, Ushasi; Saravanan, Aswini; Sari, Dianis Wulan; Sarkar, Tanmay; Sarmadi, Mohammad; Sarode, Sachin C.; Sarode, Gargi Sachin; Sassano, Michele; Sathian, Brijesh; Saya, Ganesh Kumar; Schinckus, Christophe; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schuermans, Art; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Sebastian, Sneha Annie; Selvaraj, Siddharthan; Semreen, Mohammad H.; Sendekie, Ashenafi Kibret; Sengupta, Pallav; Senol, Yigit Can; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Sethi, Yashendra; Seylani, Allen; Shafie, Mahan; Shah, Sweni; Shah, Syed Mahboob; Shahid, Samiah; Shahrahmani, Fatemeh; Shahwan, Moyad Jamal; Sham, Sunder; Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, Anas; Shamsutdinova, Alfiya; Shan, Dan; Shanawaz, Mohd; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharath, Medha; Sharfaei, Sadaf; Sharifan, Amin; Sharma, Anupam; Sharma, Ujjawal; Sharma, Manoj; Sharma, Vishal; Sheida, Fateme; Sheikhy, Ali; Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer; Shetty, Pavanchand H.; Shibuya, Kenji; Shiferaw, Desalegn; Shin, Min-Jeong; Shiri, Rahman; Shittu, Aminu; Shool, Sina; Shorofi, Seyed Afshin; Shrestha, Rajan; Shuval, Kerem; Si, Yafei; Sibuyi, Nicole R. S.; Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar; Siddiqi, Ahmed Kamal; Sikdar, Mithun; Santos Silva, Diego Augusto; Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Luis Manuel; Singh, Surjit; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Amit; Singh, Harmanjit; Singh, Baljinder; Singh, Kalpana; Singh, Puneetpal; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Smith, Amanda E.; Smith, Georgia; Soliman, Sameh S. M.; Soraneh, Soroush; Sorensen, Reed J. D.; Spartalis, Michael; Srichawla, Bahadar S.; Stachteas, Panagiotis; Starodubova, Antonina V.; Straif, Kurt; Stubbs, Pete; Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan; Odidi, Muritala Odidi Suleiman; Sulkowski, Aleksander; Meo, Anusha Sultan; Sun, Jing; Sun, Zhong; Sunny, Sumam; Swain, Chandan Kumar; Szarpak, Lukasz; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad; Tabatabaei, Fatemeh Sadat; Malazy, Ozra Tabatabaei; Tabatabai, Shima; Tabche, Celine; Tabish, Mohammad; Taiba, Jabeen; Talic, Stella; Tampa, Mircea; Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze; Tan, Ker-Kan; Tanwar, Manoj; Tariq, Saba; Tat, Nathan Y.; Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad; Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Teramoto, Masayuki; Terefa, Dufera Rikitu; Tewari, Jay; Thapar, Rekha; Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera; Tiruneh, Sofonyas Abebaw; Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer; Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna; Tiwari, Krishna; Tomo, Sojit; Tonelli, Marcello; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Trabelsi, Khaled; Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc; Tran, Thang Huu; Duc, Nguyen Tran Minh; Trico, Domenico; Trihandini, Indang; Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Tse, Gary; Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom; Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya; Sudha, Sree T. 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| Contributors: |
Department of Public Health; Clinicum; HUS Neurocenter; Biosciences |
| Publisher Information: |
Elsevier B.V. |
| Publication Year: |
2026 |
| Collection: |
Helsingfors Universitet: HELDA – Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto |
| Subject Terms: |
Body-mass index; Noncommunicable diseases; Health; Urban; Risk; Malnutrition; Countries; Drivers; Policy; Future; General medicine; internal medicine and other clinical medicine |
| Description: |
Background Overweight and obesity is a global epidemic. Forecasting future trajectories of the epidemic is crucial for providing an evidence base for policy change. In this study, we examine the historical trends of the global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity from 1990 to 2021 and forecast the future trajectories to 2050.Methods Leveraging established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, we estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity among individuals aged 25 years and older by age and sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2050. Retrospective and current prevalence trends were derived based on both self-reported and measured anthropometric data extracted from 1350 unique sources, which include survey microdata and reports, as well as published literature. Specific adjustment was applied to correct for self-report bias. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models were used to synthesise data, leveraging both spatial and temporal correlation in epidemiological trends, to optimise the comparability of results across time and geographies. To generate forecast estimates, we used forecasts of the Socio-demographic Index and temporal correlation patterns presented as annualised rate of change to inform future trajectories. We considered a reference scenario assuming the continuation of historical trends.Findings Rates of overweight and obesity increased at the global and regional levels, and in all nations, between 1990 and 2021. In 2021, an estimated 1.00 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0.989-1.01) adult males and 1.11 billion (1.10-1.12) adult females had overweight and obesity. China had the largest population of adults with overweight and obesity (402 million [397-407] individuals), followed by India (180 million [167-194]) and the USA (172 million [169-174]). The highest age-standardised prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in countries in Oceania and north Africa and the Middle East, with ... |
| Document Type: |
article in journal/newspaper |
| File Description: |
application/pdf |
| Language: |
English |
| Relation: |
This study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1152504).; https://hdl.handle.net/10138/626801; 85219548783; 001494322300001 |
| Availability: |
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/626801 |
| Rights: |
cc_by ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess ; openAccess |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.9A0E2322 |
| Database: |
BASE |