| Title: |
First characterization of the emission behavior of Mrk 421 from radio to very high-energy gamma rays with simultaneous X-ray polarization measurements |
| Authors: |
Abe, S.; Abhir, J.; Acciari, V. A.; Agudo, I.; Aniello, T.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Arbet-Engels, A.; Arcaro, C.; Artero, M.; Asano, K.; Babić, A.; Baquero, A.; de Almeida, U. Barres; Barrio, J. A.; Batković, I.; Baxter, J.; González, J. Becerra; Bednarek, W.; Bernardini, E.; Bernete, J.; Berti, A.; Besenrieder, J.; Bigongiari, C.; Biland, A.; Blanch, O.; Bonnoli, G.; Bošnjak; Burelli, I.; Busetto, G.; Campoy-Ordaz, A.; Carosi, A.; Carosi, R.; Carretero-Castrillo, M.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Ceribella, G.; Chai, Y.; Cifuentes, A.; Cikota, S.; Colombo, E.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; D'Ammando, F.; D'Amico, G.; D'Elia, V.; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Lotto, B.; de Menezes, R.; Del Popolo, A.; Delgado, J.; Mendez, C. Delgado; Di Pierro, F.; Di Venere, L.; Prester, D. Dominis; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Elsaesser, D.; Emery, G.; Escudero, J.; Fariña, L.; Fattorini, A.; Foffano, L.; Font, L.; Fröse, S.; Fukami, S.; Fukazawa, Y.; López, R. J.García; Garczarczyk, M.; Gasparyan, S.; Gaug, M.; Paiva, J. G.Giesbrecht; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Gliwny, P.; Godinović, N.; Gradetzke, T.; Grau, R.; Green, D.; Green, J. G.; Günther, P.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Hassan, T.; Heckmann, L.; Herrera, J.; Hrupec, D.; Hütten, M.; Imazawa, R.; Inada, T.; Ishio, K.; Martínez, I. Jiménez; Jormanainen, J.; Kerszberg, D.; Kluge, G. W.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kouch, P. M.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lezáun, M. Láinez; Lamastra, A.; Leone, F.; Lindfors, E.; Linhoff, L.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; López-Coto, R.; López-Moya, M.; López-Oramas, A.; Loporchio, S.; Lorini, A.; de Oliveira Fraga, B. Machado; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Maneva, G.; Mang, N.; Manganaro, M.; Mangano, S.; Mannheim, K.; Mariotti, M.; Martínez, M.; Martínez-Chicharro, M.; Mas-Aguilar, A.; Mazin, D.; Menchiari, S.; Mender, S.; Miceli, D.; Miener, T.; Miranda, J. M.; Mirzoyan, R.; González, M. Molero; Molina, E.; Mondal, H. A.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende, D.; Nakamori, T.; Nanci, C.; Nava, L.; Neustroev, V.; Nickel, L.; Rosillo, M. Nievas; Nigro, C.; Nikolić, L.; Nilsson, K.; Nishijima, K.; Ekoume, T. Njoh; Noda, K.; Nozaki, S.; Ohtani, Y.; Okumura, A.; Otero-Santos, J.; Paiano, S.; Palatiello, M.; Paneque, D.; Paoletti, R.; Paredes, J. M.; Pavlović, D.; Peresano, M.; Persic, M.; Pihet, M.; Pirola, G.; Podobnik, F.; Moroni, P. G.Prada; Prandini, E.; Principe, G.; Priyadarshi, C.; Rhode, W.; Ribó, M.; Rico, J.; Righi, C.; Sahakyan, N.; Saito, T.; Satalecka, K.; Saturni, F. G.; Schleicher, B.; Schmidt, K.; Schmuckermaier, F.; Schubert, J. L.; Schweizer, T.; Sciaccaluga, A.; Sitarek, J.; Sliusar, V.; Sobczynska, D.; Stamerra, A.; Strišković, J.; Strom, D.; Strzys, M.; Suda, Y.; Suutarinen, S.; Tajima, H.; Takahashi, M.; Tavecchio, F.; Temnikov, P.; Terauchi, K.; Terzić, T.; Teshima, M.; Tosti, L.; Truzzi, S.; Tutone, A.; Ubach, S.; van Scherpenberg, J.; Acosta, M. Vazquez; Ventura, S.; Viale, I.; Vigorito, C. F.; Vitale, V.; Vovk, I.; Walter, R.; Will, M.; Wunderlich, C.; Yamamoto, T.; Liodakis, I.; Jorstad, S. G.; Di Gesu, L.; Donnarumma, I.; Kim, D. E.; Marscher, A. P.; Middei, R.; Perri, M.; Puccetti, S.; Verrecchia, F.; Leto, C.; De La Calle Pérez, I.; Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Blinov, D.; Bourbah, I. G.; Kiehlmann, S.; Kontopodis, E.; Mandarakas, N.; Skalidis, R.; Vervelaki, A.; Aceituno, F. J.; Agís-González, B.; Sota, A.; Sasada, M.; Kawabata, K. S.; Uemura, M.; Mizuno, T.; Akitaya, H.; Casadio, C.; Myserlis, I.; Sievers, A.; Lähteenmäki, A.; Syrjärinne, I.; Tornikoski, M.; Salomé, Q.; Gurwell, M.; Keating, G. K.; Rao, R. |
| Contributors: |
Metsähovi Radio Observatory; School common, ELEC; Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering; Anne Lähteenmäki Group; University of Tokyo; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich; University of La Laguna; CSIC - Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia; National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF); University of Udine; Max Planck Institute for Physics; University of Padova; Institute for High Energy Physics; University of Zagreb; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas; University of Łódź; Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas - CIEMAT; Autonomous University of Barcelona; University of Pisa; University of Barcelona; INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia; University of Bergen; University of Turin; University of Catania; Polytechnic University of Bari; TU Dortmund University; University of Geneva; Hiroshima University; German Electron Synchrotron; University of Split; University of Würzburg; Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek; University of Turku; Tokai University; University of Siena; Homi Bhabha National Institute; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Yamagata University; University of Oulu; Chiba University; Nagoya University; Kyoto University; National Institute for Nuclear Physics; Boston University; Italian Space Agency; Urbanización Villafranca Del Castillo; Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas; University of Crete; California Institute of Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Chiba Institute of Technology; Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy; Aalto University; Harvard University; Aalto-yliopisto |
| Publisher Information: |
EDP Sciences |
| Publication Year: |
2024 |
| Collection: |
Aalto University Publication Archive (Aaltodoc) / Aalto-yliopiston julkaisuarkistoa |
| Subject Terms: |
BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421; galaxies: active; gamma rays: general; radiation mechanisms: non-thermal; X-rays: galaxies |
| Description: |
Publisher Copyright: © The Authors 2024. ; Aims. We have performed the first broadband study of Mrk 421 from radio to TeV gamma rays with simultaneous measurements of the X-ray polarization from IXPE. Methods. The data were collected as part of an extensive multiwavelength campaign carried out between May and June 2022 using MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, XMM-Newton, Swift, and several optical and radio telescopes to complement IXPE data. Results. During the IXPE exposures, the measured 0.2-1 TeV flux was close to the quiescent state and ranged from 25% to 50% of the Crab Nebula without intra-night variability. Throughout the campaign, the very high-energy (VHE) and X-ray emission are positively correlated at a 4σ significance level. The IXPE measurements reveal an X-ray polarization degree that is a factor of 2-5 higher than in the optical/radio bands; that implies an energy-stratified jet in which the VHE photons are emitted co-spatially with the X-rays, in the vicinity of a shock front. The June 2022 observations exhibit a rotation of the X-ray polarization angle. Despite no simultaneous VHE coverage being available during a large fraction of the swing, the Swift-XRT monitoring reveals an X-ray flux increase with a clear spectral hardening. This suggests that flares in high synchrotron peaked blazars can be accompanied by a polarization angle rotation, as observed in some flat spectrum radio quasars. Finally, during the polarization angle rotation, NuSTAR data reveal two contiguous spectral hysteresis loops in opposite directions (clockwise and counterclockwise), implying important changes in the particle acceleration efficiency on approximately hour timescales. ; Peer reviewed |
| Document Type: |
article in journal/newspaper |
| File Description: |
application/pdf |
| Language: |
English |
| Relation: |
Astronomy & Astrophysics; Volume 684; The MAGIC Collaboration would like to thank the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias for the excellent working conditions at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma. The financial support of the German BMBF, MPG and HGF; the Italian INFN and INAF; the Swiss National Fund SNF; the grants PID2019-104114RBC31, PID2019-104114RB-C32, PID2019-104114RB-C33, PID2019-105510GB-C31, PID2019-107847RB-C41, PID2019-107847RB-C42, PID2019-107847RB-C44, PID2019-107988GB-C22 funded by the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; the Indian Department of Atomic Energy; the Japanese ICRR, the University of Tokyo, JSPS, and MEXT; the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-400/18.12.2020 and the Academy of Finland grant nr. 320045 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also been supported by Centros de Excelencia \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D y Unidades \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D program of the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (SEV-2016-0588, CEX2019-000920-S, CEX2019-000918-M, CEX2021-001131-S, MDM-2015-0509-18-2) and by the CERCA institution of the Generalitat de Catalunya; by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project uniri-prirod-18-48; by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB1491 and SFB876); the Polish Ministry of Education and Science grant No. 2021/WK/08; and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq and FAPERJ. A.A.E. and D.P. acknowledge support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy EXC-2094-390783311. The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) is a joint US and Italian mission. The US contribution is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and led and managed by its Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), with industry partner Ball Aerospace (contract NNM15AA18C). The Italian contribution is supported by the Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI) through contract ASI-OHBI-2017-12-I.0, agreements ASI-INAF-2017-12-H0 and ASI-INFN-2017.13-H0, and its Space Science Data Center (SSDC), and by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) in Italy. This research used data products provided by the IXPE Team (MSFC, SSDC, INAF, and INFN) and distributed with additional software tools by the High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The Fermi LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat \u00E0 l'\u00C9nergie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucl\u00E9aire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d'\u00C9tudes Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. The IAA-CSIC group acknowledges financial support from the Spanish \u201CMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n\u201D (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award for the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Andaluc\u00EDa-CSIC (CEX2021-001131-S), and through grants PID2019-107847RB-C44 and PID2022-139117NB-C44. The POLAMI observations were carried out at the IRAM 30 m Telescope. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany), and IGN (Spain). Some of the data are based on observations collected at the Observatorio de Sierra Nevada, owned and operated by the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Andaluc\u00EDa (IAA-CSIC). Further data are based on observations collected at the Centro Astron\u00F3mico Hispano en Andaluc\u00EDa (CAHA), operated jointly by Junta de Andaluc\u00EDa and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas (IAA-CSIC). Some of the data reported here are based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, owned in collaboration with the University of Turku and Aarhus University, and operated jointly by Aarhus University, the University of Turku, and the University of Oslo, representing Denmark, Finland, and Norway, the University of Iceland and Stockholm University at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. E. L. was supported by Academy of Finland projects 317636 and 320045. The data presented here were obtained (in part) with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOT. We acknowledge funding to support our NOT observations from the Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Finland (Academy of Finland grant nr 306531). We are grateful to Vittorio Braga, Matteo Monelli, and Manuel S\u00E4nchez Benavente for performing the observations at the Nordic Optical Telescope. The research at Boston University was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant AST-2108622, NASA Fermi Guest Investigator grants 80NSSC21K1917 and 80NSSC22K1571, and NASA Swift Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC22K0537. This research was conducted in part using the Mimir instrument, jointly developed at Boston University and Lowell Observatory and supported by NASA, NSF, and the W.M. Keck Foundation. We thank D. Clemens for guidance in the analysis of the Mimir data. This research has made use of data from the RoboPUol program, a collaboration between Caltech, the University of Crete, IA-FORTH, IUCAA, the MPIfR, and the Nicolaus Copernicus University, which was conducted at Skinakas Observatory in Crete, Greece. D.B., S.K., R.S., N.M., acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 771282. C.C. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the HORIZON ERC Grants 2021 program under grant agreement No. 101040021. This study used observations conducted with the 1.8 m Perkins Telescope (PTO) in Arizona (USA), which is owned and operated by Boston University. This work was supported by NSF grant AST-2109127. We acknowledge the use of public data from the Swift data archive. Based on observations obtained with XMM-Newton, an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and NASA. This publication makes use of data obtained at Mets\u00E4hovi Radio Observatory, operated by Aalto University in Finland. The Submillimetre Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. Mauna Kea, the location of the SMA, is a culturally important site for the indigenous Hawaiian people; we are privileged to study the cosmos from its summit. This work was supported by JST, the establishment of university fellowships toward the creation of science and technology innovation, Grant Number JPMJFS2129. This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP21H01137. This work was also partially supported by the Optical and Near-Infrared Astronomy Inter-University Cooperation Program from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan. We are grateful to the observation and operating members of the Kanata Telescope. S.K. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 771282. The MAGIC Collaboration would like to thank the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias for the excellent working conditions at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma. The financial support of the German BMBF, MPG and HGF; the Italian INFN and INAF; the Swiss National Fund SNF; the grants PID2019-104114RB-C31, PID2019-104114RB-C32, PID2019-104114RB-C33, PID2019-105510GB-C31, PID2019-107847RB-C41, PID2019-107847RB-C42, PID2019-107847RB-C44, PID2019-107988GB-C22 funded by the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; the Indian Department of Atomic Energy; the Japanese ICRR, the University of Tokyo, JSPS, and MEXT; the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-400/18.12.2020 and the Academy of Finland grant nr. 320045 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also been supported by Centros de Excelencia \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D y Unidades \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D program of the Spanish MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 (SEV-2016-0588, CEX2019-000920-S, CEX2019-000918-M, CEX2021-001131-S, MDM-2015-0509-18-2) and by the CERCA institution of the Generalitat de Catalunya; by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project uniri-prirod-18-48; by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB1491 and SFB876); the Polish Ministry of Education and Science grant No. 2021/WK/08; and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq and FAPERJ. A.A.E. and D.P. acknowledge support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; German Research Foundation) under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy EXC-2094\u2013390783311. The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) is a joint US and Italian mission. The US contribution is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and led and managed by its Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), with industry partner Ball Aerospace (contract NNM15AA18C). The Italian contribution is supported by the Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI) through contract ASI-OHBI-2017-12-I.0, agreements ASI-INAF-2017-12-H0 and ASI-INFN-2017.13-H0, and its Space Science Data Center (SSDC), and by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) in Italy. This research used data products provided by the IXPE Team (MSFC, SSDC, INAF, and INFN) and distributed with additional software tools by the High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The Fermi LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat \u00E0 l\u2019\u00C9nergie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucl\u00E9aire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d\u2019\u00C9tudes Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. The IAA-CSIC group acknowledges financial support from the Spanish \u201CMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n\u201D (MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033) through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award for the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Andaluc\u00EDa-CSIC (CEX2021-001131-S), and through grants PID2019-107847RB-C44 and PID2022-139117NB-C44. The POLAMI observations were carried out at the IRAM 30 m Telescope. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany), and IGN (Spain). Some of the data are based on observations collected at the Observatorio de Sierra Nevada, owned and operated by the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Andaluc\u00EDa (IAA-CSIC). Further data are based on observations collected at the Centro Astron\u00F3mico Hispano en Andaluc\u00EDa (CAHA), operated jointly by Junta de Andaluc\u00EDa and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas (IAA-CSIC). Some of the data reported here are based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, owned in collaboration with the University of Turku and Aarhus University, and operated jointly by Aarhus University, the University of Turku, and the University of Oslo, representing Denmark, Finland, and Norway, the University of Iceland and Stockholm University at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. E. L. was supported by Academy of Finland projects 317636 and 320045. The data presented here were obtained (in part) with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOT. We acknowledge funding to support our NOT observations from the Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Finland (Academy of Finland grant nr 306531). We are grateful to Vittorio Braga, Matteo Monelli, and Manuel S\u00E4nchez Benavente for performing the observations at the Nordic Optical Telescope. The research at Boston University was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant AST-2108622, NASA Fermi Guest Investigator grants 80NSSC21K1917 and 80NSSC22K1571, and NASA Swift Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC22K0537. This research was conducted in part using the Mimir instrument, jointly developed at Boston University and Lowell Observatory and supported by NASA, NSF, and the W.M. Keck Foundation. We thank D. Clemens for guidance in the analysis of the Mimir data. This research has made use of data from the RoboPUol program, a collaboration between Caltech, the University of Crete, IA-FORTH, IUCAA, the MPIfR, and the Nicolaus Copernicus University, which was conducted at Skinakas Observatory in Crete, Greece. D.B., S.K., R.S., N.M., acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 771282. C.C. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the HORIZON ERC Grants 2021 program under grant agreement No. 101040021. This study used observations conducted with the 1.8 m Perkins Telescope (PTO) in Arizona (USA), which is owned and operated by Boston University. This work was supported by NSF grant AST-2109127. We acknowledge the use of public data from the Swift data archive. Based on observations obtained with XMM-Newton, an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and NASA. This publication makes use of data obtained at Mets\u00E4hovi Radio Observatory, operated by Aalto University in Finland. The Submillimetre Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. Mauna Kea, the location of the SMA, is a culturally important site for the indigenous Hawaiian people; we are privileged to study the cosmos from its summit. This work was supported by JST, the establishment of university fellowships toward the creation of science and technology innovation, Grant Number JPMJFS2129. This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP21H01137. This work was also partially supported by the Optical and Near-Infrared Astronomy Inter-University Cooperation Program from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan. We are grateful to the observation and operating members of the Kanata Telescope. S.K. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 771282.; PURE FILEURL: https://research.aalto.fi/files/146739897/Abe_First_characterization_of_the_emission_behavior.pdf; https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/128350 |
| DOI: |
10.1051/0004-6361/202347988 |
| Availability: |
https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/128350; https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347988 |
| Rights: |
openAccess |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.BAEA611D |
| Database: |
BASE |