| Title: |
Review: The nose as a route for therapy. Part 2 Immunotherapy |
| Authors: |
Padayachee, Y; Flicke, S; Linton, S; Cafferkey, J; Min Kon, O; Johnston, SL; Ellis, AK; Desrosiers, M; Turner, P; Valenta, R; Scadding, GK |
| Publisher Information: |
Bioscience Research Institute |
| Publication Year: |
2021 |
| Collection: |
Imperial College London: Spiral |
| Description: |
The nose provides a route of access to the body for inhalants and fluids. Unsurprisingly it has a strong immune defense system, with involvement of innate (e.g., epithelial barrier, muco- ciliary clearance, nasal secretions with interferons, lysozyme, nitric oxide) and acquired (e.g., secreted immunoglobulins, lymphocytes) arms. The lattice network of dendritic cells surrounding the nostrils allows rapid uptake and sampling of molecules able to negotiate the epithelial barrier. Despite this many respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV2, are initiated through nasal mucosal contact, and the nasal mucosa is a significant “reservoir” for microbes including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and SARS -CoV-2. This review includes consideration of the augmentation of immune defense by the nasal application of interferons, then the reduction of unnecessary inflammation and infection by alteration of the nasal microbiome. The nasal mucosa and associated lymphoid tissue (nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue, NALT) provides an important site for vaccine delivery, with cold-adapted live influenza strains (LAIV), which replicate intranasally, resulting in an immune response without significant clinical symptoms, being the most successful thus far. Finally, the clever intranasal application of antibodies bispecific for allergens and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) as a topical treatment for allergic and RV-induced rhinitis is explained. |
| Document Type: |
article in journal/newspaper |
| Language: |
unknown |
| Relation: |
Frontiers in Allergy; http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/90173 |
| DOI: |
10.3389/falgy.2021.668781 |
| Availability: |
http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/90173; https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2021.668781 |
| Rights: |
© 2021 Padayachee, Flicker, Linton, Cafferkey, Kon, Johnston, Ellis, Desrosiers, Turner, Valenta and Scadding. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. ; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.C30A894D |
| Database: |
BASE |