| Title: |
Emerging Immunotherapy Targets in Early Drug Development |
| Authors: |
Daniel Morchón-Araujo; Greta Catani; Oriol Mirallas; Giulia Pretelli; Vicky Sánchez-Pérez; María Vieito; Irene Braña; Ricardo Pujol-Borrell; Elena Garralda; Alberto Hernando-Calvo |
| Source: |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences ; Volume 26 ; Issue 11 ; Pages: 5394 |
| Publisher Information: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| Publication Year: |
2025 |
| Collection: |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
| Subject Terms: |
immunotherapy; phase 1 trial; early drug development; checkpoint inhibitors; bispecific antibodies; tumor microenvironment |
| Description: |
Immunotherapy has significantly changed the treatment paradigm for solid tumors, with immune checkpoint inhibitors now established in the management of many malignancies. Despite initial success, durable responses remain limited to a subset of patients, often less than 30%, due to both intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. These challenges have prompted the development of next-generation immunotherapies. Recent efforts have expanded the scope of immunotherapy beyond PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibition, focusing on new immune targets currently under investigation in early phase clinical trials. These include novel immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators targeting the tumor microenvironment, and bispecific antibodies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of emerging immune targets currently being investigated in early drug development, discussing their mechanisms of action, preliminary clinical outcomes, and potential future directions. |
| Document Type: |
text |
| File Description: |
application/pdf |
| Language: |
English |
| Relation: |
Molecular Immunology; https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115394 |
| DOI: |
10.3390/ijms26115394 |
| Availability: |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115394 |
| Rights: |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.C74C5AF6 |
| Database: |
BASE |