| Title: |
Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware |
| Authors: |
Aiello, Sebastiano; Albert, Arnauld; Garre, Sergio Alves; Aly, Zineb; Ameli, Fabrizio; Andre, Michel; Androulakis, Giorgos; Anghinolfi, Marco; Anguita, Mancia; Anton, Gisela; Ardid, Miquel; Aublin, Julien; Bagatelas, Christos; Barbarino, Giancarlo; Baret, Bruny; Basegmez Du Pree, Suzan; Belias, Anastasios; Bendahman, Meriem; Berbee, Edward; van den Berg, Ad M.; Bertin, Vincent; van Beveren, Vincent; Biagi, Simone; Biagioni, Andrea; Bissinger, Matthias; Boettcher, Markus; Boumaaza, Jihad; Bouta, Mohammed; Bouwhuis, Mieke; Bozza, Cristiano; Brânzas, Horea; Bruijn, Ronald; Brunner, Jurgen; Buis, Ernst-Jan; Buompane, Raffaele; Busto, Jose; Caiffi, Barbara; Calvo, David; Capone, Antonio; Carretero, Victor; Castaldi, Paolo; Celli, Silvia; Chabab, Mohamed; Chau, Nhan; Chen, Andrew; Cherubini, Silvio; Chiarella, Vitaliano; Chiarusi, Tommaso; Circella, Marco; Cocimano, Rosanna; Coelho, Joao A.B.; Coleiro, Alexis; Colomer Molla, Marta; Colonges, Stephane; Coniglione, Rosa; Corredoira, Imanol; Coyle, Paschal; Creusot, Alexandre; Cuttone, Giacomo; d'Amico, Antonio; d'Onofrio, Antonio; Dallier, Richard; de Palma, Mauro; Palma, Irene Di; Díaz, Antonio F.; Diego-Tortosa, Didac; Distefano, Carla; Domi, Alba; Donà, Roberto; Donzaud, Corinne; Dornic, Damien; Dörr, Manuel; Drouhin, Doriane; Eberl, Thomas; Eddyamoui, Ahmed; van Eeden, Thijs; van Eijk, Daan; Bojaddaini, Imad El; Elsaesser, Dominik; Enzenhoefer, Alexander; Rosell, Victor Espinosa; Fermani, Paolo; Ferrara, Giovanna; Filipovic, Miroslav D.; Filippini, Francesco; Fusco, Luigi Antonio; Gabella, Omar; Gal, Tamas; Soto, Alfonso Andres Garcia; Garufi, Fabio; Gatelet, Yoann; Geißelbrecht, Nicole; Gialanella, Lucio; Giorgio, Emidio; Gozzini, Sara R.; Gracia, Rodrigo; Graf, Kay; Grasso, Dario; Grella, Giuseppe; Guderian, Daniel; Guidi, Carlo; Hallmann, Steffen; Hamdaoui, Hassane; van Haren, Hans; Heijboer, Aart; Hekalo, Amar; Hernández-Rey, Juan J.; Hofestädt, Jannik; Huang, Feifei; Ibnsalih, Walid Idrissi; Ilioni, Alin; Illuminati, Giulia; James, Clancy W.; Jansweijer, Peter; de Jong, Maarten; de Jong, Paul; Jung, Bouke Jisse; Kadler, Matthias; Kalaczyński, Piotr; Kalekin, Oleg; Katz, Uli F.; Chowdhury, Nafis R.Khan; Kistauri, Giorgi; van der Knaap, Frits; Koffeman, Els N.; Kooijman, Paul; Kouchner, Antoine; Kreter, Michael; Kulikovskiy, Vladimir; Lahmann, Robert; Larosa, Giuseppina; Le Breton, Remy; Leonardi, Ornella; Leone, Francesco; Leonora, Emanuele; Lesrel, Jean; Levi, Giuseppe; Lincetto, Massimiliano; Lindsey Clark, Miles; Lipreau, Thomas; Lonardo, Alessandro; Longhitano, Fabio; Lopez-Coto, Daniel; Maderer, Lukas; Mańczak, Jerzy M.; Mannheim, Karl; Margiotta, Annarita; Marinelli, Antonio; Markou, Christos; Martin, Lilian; Martínez-Mora, Juan A.; Martini, Agnese; Marzaioli, Fabio; Mastroianni, Stefano; Mazzou, Safaa; Melis, Karel W.; Miele, Gennaro; Migliozzi, Pasquale; Migneco, Emilio; Mijakowski, Piotr; Palacios, Luis S.Miranda; Mollo, Carlos M.; Morganti, Mauro; Moser, Michael; Moussa, Abdelilah; Muller, Rasa; Pérez, David Muñoz; Musico, Paolo; Musumeci, Mario; Nauta, Lodewijk; Navas, Sergio; Nicolau, Carlo A.; Fearraigh, Brian Ó.; O'Sullivan, Mitchell; Organokov, Mukharbek; Orlando, Angelo; Palacios González, Juan; Papalashvili, Gogita; Papaleo, Riccardo; Pastore, Cosimo; Păun, Alice M.; Păvălaş, Gabriela E.; Pellegrini, Giuliano; Pellegrino, Carmelo; Perrin-Terrin, Mathieu; Piattelli, Paolo; Pieterse, Camiel; Pikounis, Konstantinos; Pisanti, Ofelia; Poirè, Chiara; Popa, Vlad; Pradier, Thierry; Pühlhofer, Gerd; Pulvirenti, Sara; Rabyang, Omphile; Raffaelli, Fabrizio; Randazzo, Nunzio; Razzaque, Soebur; Real, Diego; Reck, Stefan; Riccobene, Giorgio; Richer, Marc; Rivoire, Stephane; Rovelli, Alberto; Salesa Greus, Francisco; Samtleben, Dorothea F.E.; Sánchez Losa, Agustin; Sanguineti, Matteo; Santangelo, Andrea E.; Santonocito, Domenico; Sapienza, Piera; Schmelling, Jan-Willem; Schnabel, Jutta; Schumann, Johannes; Seneca, Jordan; Sgura, Irene; Shanidze, Rezo; Sharma, Ankur; Simeone, Francesco; Sinopoulou, Anna; Spisso, Bernardino; Spurio, Maurizio; Stavropoulos, Dimitris; Steijger, Jos; Stellacci, Simona M.; Taiuti, Mauro; Tayalati, Yahya; Tenllado, Enrique; Thakore, Tarak; Tingay, Steven; Tzamariudaki, Ekaterini; Tzanetatos, Dimitrios; van Elewyck, Veronique; Vasileiadis, George; Versari, Federico; Viola, Salvo; Vivolo, Daniele; de Wasseige, Gwenhael; Wilms, Jörn; Wojaczyński, Rafał; de Wolf, Els; Zaborov, Dmitry; Zavatarelli, Sandra; Zegarelli, Angela; Zito, Daniele; de Dios Zornoza, Juan D.; Zúñiga, Juan; Zywucka, Natalia |
| Contributors: |
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN); Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict); Groupe de Recherche en Physique des Hautes Energies (GRPHE); Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut Universitaire de Technologie - Colmar (IUT Colmar); Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)); Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC); Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain (CSIC)-Universitat de València = University of Valencia = Universidade de Valencia (UV); Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM); Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma 1 (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare = National Institute for Nuclear Physics Rome (INFN); Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya = Université polytechnique de Catalogne = Polytechnic University of Catalunya Barcelona (UPC); National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova = National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Genoa Gênes (INFN, Sezione di Genova); Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (CITIC); Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP); Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg = University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras Universitat Politècnica de València (IGIC); Universitat Politècnica de València = Universitad Politecnica de Valencia = Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV); AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)); Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité); University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II (UNINA); Nationaal instituut voor Subatomaire Fysica = National Institute for Subatomic Physics Amsterdam (NIKHEF); Faculté des sciences Rabat; Université Mohammed V de Rabat Agdal (UM5); University of Groningen Groningen; Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS); Centre for Space Research Potchefstroom; North-West University Potchefstroom (NWU); Faculté des sciences Oujda; Université Mohammed Premier Oujda = Université Mohammed Ier = University of Mohammed First; Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA); École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL); Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY); Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH); Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST); Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique); Institut Mines-Télécom Paris (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom Paris (IMT); Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)); Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM); Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut universitaire de France (IUF); Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.); KM3NeT; ANR-15-CE31-0020,DAEMONS,Démonstration de la possibilité d'établir l'ordonnancement des masses de neutrinos dans la mer(2015); ANR-10-LABX-0023,UnivEarthS,Earth - Planets - Universe: observation, modeling, transfer(2010); ANR-18-IDEX-0001,Université de Paris,Université de Paris(2018) |
| Source: |
ISSN: 2329-4124 ; Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems ; https://hal.science/hal-03210384 ; Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems, 2021, 7 (1), pp.016001. ⟨10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001⟩. |
| Publisher Information: |
CCSD; Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers |
| Publication Year: |
2021 |
| Collection: |
Université Paris Seine: ComUE (HAL) |
| Subject Terms: |
time-to-digital converter; neutrino telescope; acquisition firmware; time to digital converters; KM3NeT; data acquisition; photomultiplier; performance; electronics: readout; electronics: design; FPGA; [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det] |
| Description: |
International audience ; The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine. |
| Document Type: |
article in journal/newspaper |
| Language: |
English |
| Relation: |
INSPIRE: 1859487 |
| DOI: |
10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001 |
| Availability: |
https://hal.science/hal-03210384; https://hal.science/hal-03210384v1/document; https://hal.science/hal-03210384v1/file/016001_1.pdf; https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001 |
| Rights: |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.C8A8215C |
| Database: |
BASE |