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Extracting the speed of sound in quark–gluon plasma with ultrarelativistic lead–lead collisions at the LHC

Title: Extracting the speed of sound in quark–gluon plasma with ultrarelativistic lead–lead collisions at the LHC
Contributors: SC; Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research; Austrian Science Fund; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique; Belgian Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; CNPq; CAPES; FAPERJ; FAPERGS; FAPESP; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science; Bulgarian National Science Fund; CERN; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ministry of Science and Technology; Chinese National Natural Science Foundation of China; Colombian Funding Agency; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport; Croatian Science Foundation; Research and Innovation Foundation; SENESCYT; Ministry of Education and Research; Estonian Research Council; European Regional Development Fund; Academy of Finland; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture; Helsinki Institute of Physics; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren; General Secretariat for Research and Innovation; National Research, Development and Innovation Office; Department of Atomic Energy; Department of Science and Technology; ICSC –National Research Centre for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, funded by the EU NexGeneration program; Institute for Research in Fundamental Studies; Science Foundation; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology; National Research Foundation of Korea; MES; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; Ministry of Education; University of Malaya; BUAP; CINVESTAV; CONACYT; LNS; SEP; UASLP; MOS; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; Ministry of Educaton and Science; National Science Centre; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; MCIN/AEI; ERDF; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain; Plan de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Principado de Asturias; MOSTR; ETH Board; ETH Zurich; PSI; SNF; UniZH; Canton Zurich; SER; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand; Special Task Force for Activating Research; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council; US Department of Energy; US National Science Foundation; Marie-Curie programme; European Research Council and EPLANET; European Research Council/European; Horizon 2020; Leventis Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Science Committee, project no. 22rl-037; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, “Excellence of Science - EOS”; Belgian Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, “Excellence of Science - EOS”; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2121 “Quantum Universe”; Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program - ÚNKP, the NKFIH research grants; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; Latvian Council of Science; Ministy of Education and Science; National Science Center, OPUS; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University; CUAASC; Kavli Foundation; Nvidia Corporation; Welch Foundation; Weston Havens Foundation; Institut für Hochenergiephysik (HEPHY) using the Cloud Infrastructure Platform (CLIP), Vienna; Inter-University Institute for High Energies, Brussels; Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve; São Paulo Research and Analysis Center, São Paulo; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro; University of Sofia, Sofia; Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn; Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki; Grille de Recherche d’Ile de France (GRIF), Institut de recherche sur les lois fondamentales de l’Univers, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Institut de recherche sur les lois fondamentales de l’Univers, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette; Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, IN2P3, Villeurbanne; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg; Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe; RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; University of Ioánnina, Ioánnina; Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai; INFN CNAF, Bologna; INFN Sezione di Bari, Universitá di Bari, Politecnico di Bari, Bari; INFN Sezione di Pisa, Universitá di Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa; INFN Sezione di Roma, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Rome; INFN Sezione di Trieste, Universitá di Trieste, Trieste; Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; National Centre for Physics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad; Akademickie Centrum Komputerowe Cyfronet AGH, Krakow; National Centre for Nuclear Research, Swierk; Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisboa; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon; Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid; Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander; Port d’Informació Científica, Bellaterra; CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva; CSCS - Swiss National Supercomputing Centre, Lugano; Instrumentation and Detector Consortium, Taipei; National Center for High-performance Computing (NCHC), Hsinchu City; Middle East Technical University, Physics Department, Ankara; National Scientific Center, Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov; GridPP, Brunel University, Uxbridge; GridPP, Imperial College, London; GridPP, Queen Mary University of London, London; GridPP, Royal Holloway, University of London, London; GridPP, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot; GridPP, University of Bristol, Bristol; GridPP, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; GridPP, University of Oxford, Oxford; Baylor University, Waco; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center; Open Science Grid (OSG) Consortium; Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC), Pittsburgh; Purdue University, West Lafayette; San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC), La Jolla; Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC), Austin; University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder; University of Florida, Gainesville; University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln; University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison; Vanderbilt University, Nashville
Source: Reports on Progress in Physics ; volume 87, issue 7, page 077801 ; ISSN 0034-4885 1361-6633
Publisher Information: IOP Publishing
Publication Year: 2024
Description: Ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions create a strongly interacting state of hot and dense quark–gluon matter that exhibits a remarkable collective flow behavior with minimal viscous dissipation. To gain deeper insights into its intrinsic nature and fundamental degrees of freedom, we determine the speed of sound in an extended volume of quark–gluon plasma using lead–lead (PbPb) collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 0.607 nb −1 . The measurement is performed by studying the multiplicity dependence of the average transverse momentum of charged particles emitted in head-on PbPb collisions. Our findings reveal that the speed of sound in this matter is nearly half the speed of light, with a squared value of 0.241 ± 0.002 ( stat ) ± 0.016 ( syst ) in natural units. The effective medium temperature, estimated using the mean transverse momentum, is 219 ± 8 ( syst ) MeV . The measured squared speed of sound at this temperature aligns precisely with predictions from lattice quantum chromodynamic (QCD) calculations. This result provides a stringent constraint on the equation of state of the created medium and direct evidence for a deconfined QCD phase being attained in relativistic nuclear collisions.
Document Type: article in journal/newspaper
Language: unknown
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad4b9b
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad4b9b/pdf
Availability: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ad4b9b; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6633/ad4b9b; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6633/ad4b9b/pdf
Rights: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 ; https://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining
Accession Number: edsbas.CFB65650
Database: BASE