| Title: |
Global maps of soil temperature |
| Authors: |
Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.); van den Hoogen, J. (Johan); Aalto, J. (Juha); Ashcroft, M. B. (Michael B.); De Frenne, P. (Pieter); Kemppinen, J. (Julia); Kopecky, M. (Martin); Luoto, M. (Miska); Maclean, I. M. (Ilya M. D.); Crowther, T. W. (Thomas W.); Bailey, J. J. (Joseph J.); Haesen, S. (Stef); Klinges, D. H. (David H.); Niittynen, P. (Pekka); Scheffers, B. R. (Brett R.); Van Meerbeek, K. (Koenraad); Aartsma, P. (Peter); Abdalaze, O. (Otar); Abedi, M. (Mehdi); Aerts, R. (Rien); Ahmadian, N. (Negar); Ahrends, A. (Antje); Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.); Alexander, J. M. (Jake M.); Allonsius, C. N. (Camille Nina); Altman, J. (Jan); Ammann, C. (Christof); Andres, C. (Christian); Andrews, C. (Christopher); Ardo, J. (Jonas); Arriga, N. (Nicola); Arzac, A. (Alberto); Aschero, V. (Valeria); Assis, R. L. (Rafael L.); Assmann, J. J. (Jakob Johann); Bader, M. Y. (Maaike Y.); Bahalkeh, K. (Khadijeh); Barancok, P. (Peter); Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.); Barros, A. (Agustina); Barthel, M. (Matti); Basham, E. W. (Edmund W.); Bauters, M. (Marijn); Bazzichetto, M. (Manuele); Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli); Bell, M. C. (Michael C.); Benavides, J. C. (Juan C.); Benito Alonso, J. L. (Jose Luis); Berauer, B. J. (Bernd J.); Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.); Bjork, R. G. (Robert G.); Bjorkman, M. P. (Mats P.); Bjornsdottir, K. (Katrin); Blonder, B. (Benjamin); Boeckx, P. (Pascal); Boike, J. (Julia); Bokhorst, S. (Stef); Brum, B. N. (Barbara N. S.); Bruna, J. (Josef); Buchmann, N. (Nina); Buysse, P. (Pauline); Camargo, J. L. (Jose Luis); Campoe, O. C. (Otavio C.); Candan, O. (Onur); Canessa, R. (Rafaella); Cannone, N. (Nicoletta); Carbognani, M. (Michele); Carnicer, J. (Jofre); Casanova-Katny, A. (Angelica); Cesarz, S. (Simone); Chojnicki, B. (Bogdan); Choler, P. (Philippe); Chown, S. L. (Steven L.); Cifuentes, E. F. (Edgar F.); Ciliak, M. (Marek); Contador, T. (Tamara); Convey, P. (Peter); Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.); Cremonese, E. (Edoardo); Curasi, S. R. (Salvatore R.); Curtis, R. (Robin); Cutini, M. (Maurizio); Dahlberg, C. J. (C. Johan); Daskalova, G. N. (Gergana N.); Angel de Pablo, M. (Miguel); Della Chiesa, S. (Stefano); Dengler, J. (Juergen); Deronde, B. (Bart); Descombes, P. (Patrice); Di Cecco, V. (Valter); Di Musciano, M. (Michele); Dick, J. (Jan); Dimarco, R. D. (Romina D.); Dolezal, J. (Jiri); Dorrepaal, E. (Ellen); Dusek, J. (Jiri); Eisenhauer, N. (Nico); Eklundh, L. (Lars); Erickson, T. E. (Todd E.); Erschbamer, B. (Brigitta); Eugster, W. (Werner); Ewers, R. M. (Robert M.); Exton, D. A. (Dan A.); Fanin, N. (Nicolas); Fazlioglu, F. (Fatih); Feigenwinter, I. (Iris); Fenu, G. (Giuseppe); Ferlian, O. (Olga); Fernandez Calzado, M. R. (M. Rosa); Fernandez-Pascual, E. (Eduardo); Finckh, M. (Manfred); Higgens, R. F. (Rebecca Finger); Forte, T. G. (T'ai G. W.); Freeman, E. C. (Erika C.); Frei, E. R. (Esther R.); Fuentes-Lillo, E. (Eduardo); Garcia, R. A. (Rafael A.); Garcia, M. B. (Maria B.); Geron, C. (Charly); Gharun, M. (Mana); Ghosn, D. (Dany); Gigauri, K. (Khatuna); Gobin, A. (Anne); Goded, I. (Ignacio); Goeckede, M. (Mathias); Gottschall, F. (Felix); Goulding, K. (Keith); Govaert, S. (Sanne); Graae, B. J. (Bente Jessen); Greenwood, S. (Sarah); Greiser, C. (Caroline); Grelle, A. (Achim); Guenard, B. (Benoit); Guglielmin, M. (Mauro); Guillemot, J. (Joannes); Haase, P. (Peter); Haider, S. (Sylvia); Halbritter, A. H. (Aud H.); Hamid, M. (Maroof); Hammerle, A. (Albin); Hampe, A. (Arndt); Haugum, S. V. (Siri, V); Hederova, L. (Lucia); Heinesch, B. (Bernard); Helfter, C. (Carole); Hepenstrick, D. (Daniel); Herberich, M. (Maximiliane); Herbst, M. (Mathias); Hermanutz, L. (Luise); Hik, D. S. (David S.); Hoffren, R. (Raul); Homeier, J. (Juergen); Hörtnagl, L. (Lukas); Hoye, T. T. (Toke T.); Hrbacek, F. (Filip); Hylander, K. (Kristoffer); Iwata, H. (Hiroki); Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. A. (Marcin Antoni); Jactel, H. (Herve); Jarveoja, J. (Jarvi); Jastrzebowski, S. (Szymon); Jentsch, A. (Anke); Jimenez, J. J. (Juan J.); Jonsdottir, I. S. (Ingibjorg S.); Jucker, T. (Tommaso); Jump, A. S. (Alistair S.); Juszczak, R. (Radoslaw); Kanka, R. (Robert); Kaspar, V. (Vit); Kazakis, G. (George); Kelly, J. (Julia); Khuroo, A. A. (Anzar A.); Klemedtsson, L. (Leif); Klisz, M. (Marcin); Kljun, N. (Natascha); Knohl, A. (Alexander); Kobler, J. (Johannes); Kollar, J. (Jozef); Kotowska, M. M. (Martyna M.); Kovacs, B. (Bence); Kreyling, J. (Juergen); Lamprecht, A. (Andrea); Lang, S. I. (Simone, I); Larson, C. (Christian); Larson, K. (Keith); Laska, K. (Kamil); Maire, G. I. (Guerric Ie); Leihy, R. I. (Rachel, I); Lens, L. (Luc); Liljebladh, B. (Bengt); Lohila, A. (Annalea); Lorite, J. (Juan); Loubet, B. (Benjamin); Lynn, J. (Joshua); Macek, M. (Martin); Mackenzie, R. (Roy); Magliulo, E. (Enzo); Maier, R. (Regine); Malfasi, F. (Francesco); Malis, F. (Frantisek); Man, M. (Matej); Manca, G. (Giovanni); Manco, A. (Antonio); Manise, T. (Tanguy); Manolaki, P. (Paraskevi); Marciniak, F. (Felipe); Matula, R. (Radim); Clara Mazzolari, A. (Ana); Medinets, S. (Sergiy); Medinets, V. (Volodymyr); Meeussen, C. (Camille); Merinero, S. (Sonia); Guimaraes Mesquita, R. d. (Rita de Cassia); Meusburger, K. (Katrin); Meysman, F. J. (Filip J. R.); Michaletz, S. T. (Sean T.); Milbau, A. (Ann); Moiseev, D. (Dmitry); Moiseev, P. (Pavel); Mondoni, A. (Andrea); Monfries, R. (Ruth); Montagnani, L. (Leonardo); Moriana-Armendariz, M. (Mikel); di Cella, U. M. (Umberto Morra); Moersdorf, M. (Martin); Mosedale, J. R. (Jonathan R.); Muffler, L. (Lena); Munoz-Rojas, M. (Miriam); Myers, J. A. (Jonathan A.); Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.); Nagy, L. (Laszlo); Nardino, M. (Marianna); Naujokaitis-Lewis, I. (Ilona); Newling, E. (Emily); Nicklas, L. (Lena); Niedrist, G. (Georg); Niessner, A. (Armin); Nilsson, M. B. (Mats B.); Normand, S. (Signe); Nosetto, M. D. (Marcelo D.); Nouvellon, Y. (Yann); Nunez, M. A. (Martin A.); Ogaya, R. (Roma); Ogee, J. (Jerome); Okello, J. (Joseph); Olejnik, J. (Janusz); Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind); Opedal, O. H. (Oystein H.); Orsenigo, S. (Simone); Palaj, A. (Andrej); Pampuch, T. (Timo); Panov, A. V. (Alexey V.); Pärtel, M. (Meelis); Pastor, A. (Ada); Pauchard, A. (Aníbal); Pauli, H. (Harald); Pavelka, M. (Marian); Pearse, W. D. (William D.); Peichl, M. (Matthias); Pellissier, L. (Loïc); Penczykowski, R. M. (Rachel M.); Penuelas, J. (Josep); Petit Bon, M. (Matteo); Petraglia, A. (Alessandro); Phartyal, S. S. (Shyam S.); Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.); Pio, C. (Casimiro); Pitacco, A. (Andrea); Pitteloud, C. (Camille); Plichta, R. (Roman); Porro, F. (Francesco); Portillo-Estrada, M. (Miguel); Poulenard, J. (Jérôme); Poyatos, R. (Rafael); Prokushkin, A. S. (Anatoly S.); Puchalka, R. (Radoslaw); Pușcaș, M. (Mihai); Radujković, D. (Dajana); Randall, K. (Krystal); Ratier Backes, A. (Amanda); Remmele, S. (Sabine); Remmers, W. (Wolfram); Renault, D. (David); Risch, A. C. (Anita C.); Rixen, C. (Christian); Robinson, S. A. (Sharon A.); Robroek, B. J. (Bjorn J. M.); Rocha, A. V. (Adrian V.); Rossi, C. (Christian); Rossi, G. (Graziano); Roupsard, O. (Olivier); Rubtsov, A. V. (Alexey V.); Saccone, P. (Patrick); Sagot, C. (Clotilde); Sallo Bravo, J. (Jhonatan); Santos, C. C. (Cinthya C.); Sarneel, J. M. (Judith M.); Scharnweber, T. (Tobias); Schmeddes, J. (Jonas); Schmidt, M. (Marius); Scholten, T. (Thomas); Schuchardt, M. (Max); Schwartz, N. (Naomi); Scott, T. (Tony); Seeber, J. (Julia); Segalin De Andrade, A. C. (Ana Cristina); Seipel, T. (Tim); Semenchuk, P. (Philipp); Senior, R. A. (Rebecca A.); Serra-Diaz, J. M. (Josep M.); Sewerniak, P. (Piotr); Shekhar, A. (Ankit); Sidenko, N. V. (Nikita V.); Siebicke, L. (Lukas); Siegwart Collier, L. (Laura); Simpson, E. (Elizabeth); Siqueira, D. P. (David P.); Sitková, Z. (Zuzana); Six, J. (Johan); Smiljanic, M. (Marko); Smith, S. W. (Stuart W.); Smith-Tripp, S. (Sarah); Somers, B. (Ben); Sørensen, M. V. (Mia Vedel); Souza, J. J. (José João L. L.); Souza, B. I. (Bartolomeu Israel); Dias, A. S. (Arildo Souza); Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.); Speed, J. D. (James D. M.); Spicher, F. (Fabien); Stanisci, A. (Angela); Steinbauer, K. (Klaus); Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer); Steinwandter, M. (Michael); Stemkovski, M. (Michael); Stephan, J. G. (Jörg G.); Stiegler, C. (Christian); Stoll, S. (Stefan); Svátek, M. (Martin); Svoboda, M. (Miroslav); Tagesson, T. (Torbern); Tanentzap, A. J. (Andrew J.); Tanneberger, F. (Franziska); Theurillat, J.-P. (Jean-Paul); Thomas, H. J. (Haydn J. D.); Thomas, A. D. (Andrew D.); Tielbörger, K. (Katja); Tomaselli, M. (Marcello); Treier, U. A. (Urs Albert); Trouillier, M. (Mario); Turtureanu, P. D. (Pavel Dan); Tutton, R. (Rosamond); Tyystjärvi, V. A. (Vilna A.); Ueyama, M. (Masahito); Ujházy, K. (Karol); Ujházyová, M. (Mariana); Uogintas, D. (Domas); Urban, A. V. (Anastasiya V.); Urban, J. (Josef); Urbaniak, M. (Marek); Ursu, T.-M. (Tudor-Mihai); Vaccari, F. P. (Francesco Primo); Van De Vondel, S. (Stijn); Van Den Brink, L. (Liesbeth); Van Geel, M. (Maarten); Vandvik, V. (Vigdis); Vangansbeke, P. (Pieter); Varlagin, A. (Andrej); Veen, G. F. (G. F.); Veenendaal, E. (Elmar); Venn, S. E. (Susanna E.); Verbeeck, H. (Hans); Verbrugggen, E. (Erik); Verheijen, F. G. (Frank G. A.); Villar, L. (Luis); Vitale, L. (Luca); Vittoz, P. (Pascal); Vives-Ingla, M. (Maria); Von Oppen, J. (Jonathan); Walz, J. (Josefine); Wang, R. (Runxi); Wang, Y. (Yifeng); Way, R. G. (Robert G.); Wedegärtner, R. E. (Ronja E. M.); Weigel, R. (Robert); Wild, J. (Jan); Wilkinson, M. (Matthew); Wilmking, M. (Martin); Wingate, L. (Lisa); Winkler, M. (Manuela); Wipf, S. (Sonja); Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg); Xenakis, G. (Georgios); Yang, Y. (Yan); Yu, Z. (Zicheng); Yu, K. (Kailiang); Zellweger, F. (Florian); Zhang, J. (Jian); Zhang, Z. (Zhaochen); Zhao, P. (Peng); Ziemblińska, K. (Klaudia); Zimmermann, R. (Reiner); Zong, S. (Shengwei); Zyryanov, V. I. (Viacheslav I.); Nijs, I. (Ivan); Lenoir, J. (Jonathan) |
| Publisher Information: |
John Wiley & Sons |
| Publication Year: |
2022 |
| Collection: |
Jultika - University of Oulu repository / Oulun yliopiston julkaisuarkisto |
| Subject Terms: |
bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations |
| Description: |
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0‐5 and 5‐15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km² pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10° degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/‐ 2.1° degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/‐2.3° degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (‐0.7 +/‐ 2.3° degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications. |
| Document Type: |
article in journal/newspaper |
| File Description: |
application/pdf |
| Language: |
English |
| ISSN: |
1354-1013; 1365-2486 |
| Relation: |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1354-1013; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1365-2486 |
| Availability: |
http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2022092360045 |
| Rights: |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess ; © 2022 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. ; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.DF102C2 |
| Database: |
BASE |