| Title: |
An upper limit on the stochastic gravitational-wave background of cosmological origin |
| Authors: |
Abbott, BP; Abbott, R; Acernese, F; Adhikari, R; Ajith, P; Allen, B; Allen, G; Alshourbagy, M; Amin, RS; Anderson, SB; Anderson, WG; Antonucci, F; Aoudia, S; Arain, MA; Araya, M; Armandula, H; Armor, P; Arun, KG; Aso, Y; Aston, S; Astone, P; Aufmuth, P; Aulbert, C; Babak, S; Baker, P; Ballardin, G; Ballmer, S; Barker, C; Barker, D; Barone, F; Barr, B; Barriga, P; Barsotti, L; Barsuglia, M; Barton, MA; Bartos, I; Bassiri, R; Bastarrika, M; Bauer, TS; Behnke, B; Beker, M; Benacquista, M; Betzwieser, J; Beyersdorf, PT; Bigotta, S; Bilenko, IA; Billingsley, G; Birindelli, S; Biswas, R; Bizouard, MA; Black, E; Blackburn, JK; Blackburn, L; Blair, D; Bland, B; Boccara, C; Bodiya, TP; Bogue, L; Bondu, F; Bonelli, L; Bork, R; Boschi, V; Bose, S; Bosi, L; Braccini, S; Bradaschia, C; Brady, PR; Braginsky, VB; van den Brand, JFJ; Brau, JE; Bridges, DO; Brillet, A; Brinkmann, M; Brisson, V; Van Den Broeck, C; Brooks, AF; Brown, DA; Brummit, A; Brunet, G; Bullington, A; Bulten, HJ; Buonanno, A; Burmeister, O; Buskulic, D; Byer, RL; Cadonati, L; Cagnoli, G; Calloni, E; Camp, JB; Campagna, E; Cannizzo, J; Cannon, KC; Canuel, B; Cao, J; Carbognani, F; Cardenas, L; Caride, S; Castaldi, G; Caudill, S; Cavaglia, M; Cavalier, F; Cavalieri, R; Cella, G; Cepeda, C; Cesarini, E; Chalermsongsak, T; Chalkley, E; Charlton, P; Chassande Mottin, E; Chatterji, S; Chelkowski, S; Chen, Y; Christensen, N; Chung, CTY; Clark, D; Clark, J; Clayton, JH; Cleva, F; Cokelaer, T; Colacino, CN; Colas, J; Colla, A; Colombini, M; Conte, R; Cook, D; Corbitt, TRC; Corda, C; Cornish, N; Corsi, A; Coulon, JP; Coward, D; Coyne, DC; Creighton, JDE; Creighton, TD; Cruise, AM; Culter, RM; Cumming, A; Cunningham, L; Cuoco, E; Danilishin, SL; D'Antonio, S; Danzmann, K; Dari, A; Dattilo, V; Daudert, B; Davier, M; Davies, G; Daw, EJ; Day, R; De Rosa, R; Debra, D; Degallaix, J; del Prete, M; Dergachev, V; Desai, S; DeSalvo, R; Dhurandhar, S; Di Fiore, L; Di Lieto, A; Emilio, MD; Di Virgilio, A; Diaz, M; Dietz, A; Donovan, F; Dooley, KL; Doomes, EE; Drago, M; Drever, RWP; Dueck, J; Duke, I; Dumas, JC; Dwyer, JG; Echols, C; Edgar, M; Effler, A; Ehrens, P; Ely, G; Espinoza, E; Etzel, T; Evans, T; Fairhurst, S; Faltas, Y; Fan, Y; Fazi, D; Fehrmann, H; Ferrante, I; Fidecaro, F; Finn, LS; Fiori, I; Flaminio, R; Flasch, K; Foley, S; Forrest, C; Fotopoulos, N; Fournier, JD; Franc, J; Franzen, A; Frasca, S; Frasconi, F; Frede, M; Frei, M; Frei, Z; Freise, A; Frey, R; Fricke, T; Fritschel, P; Frolov, VV; Fyffe, M; Galdi, V; Gammaitoni, L; Garofoli, JA; Garufi, F; Genin, E; Gennai, A; Gholami, I; Giaime, JA; Giampanis, S; Giardina, KD; Giazotto, A; Goda, K; Goetz, E; Goggin, LM; Gonzalez, G; Gorodetsky, ML; Gosser, S; Gouaty, R; Granata, M; Granata, V; Grant, A; Gras, S; Gray, C; Gray, M; Greenhalgh, RJS; Gretarsson, AM; Greverie, C; Grimaldi, F; Grosso, R; Grote, H; Grunewald, S; Guenther, M; Guidi, G; Gustafson, EK; Gustafson, R; Hage, B; Hallam, JM; Hammer, D; Hammond, GD; Hanna, C; Hanson, J; Harms, J; Harry, GM; Harry, IW; Harstad, ED; Haughian, K; Hayama, K; Heefner, J; Heitmann, H; Hello, P; Heng, IS; Heptonstall, A; Hewitson, M; Hild, S; Hirose, E; Hoak, D; Hodge, KA; Holt, K; Hosken, DJ; Hough, J; Hoyland, D; Huet, D; Hughey, B; Huttner, SH; Ingram, DR; Isogai, T; Ito, M; Ivanov, A; Johnson, B; Johnson, WW; Jones, DI; Jones, G; Jones, R; de la Jordana, LS; Ju, L; Kalmus, P; Kalogera, V; Kandhasamy, S; Kanner, J; Kasprzyk, D; Katsavounidis, E; Kawabe, K; Kawamura, S; Kawazoe, F; Kells, W; Keppel, DG; Khalaidovski, A; Khalili, FY; Khan, R; Khazanov, E; King, P; Kissel, JS; Klimenko, S; Kokeyama, K; Kondrashov, V; Kopparapu, R; Koranda, S; Kozak, D; Krishnan, B; Kumar, R; Kwee, P; La Penna, P; Lam, PK; Landry, M; Lantz, B; Laval, M; Lazzarini, A; Lei, H; Lei, M; Leindecker, N; Leonor, I; Leroy, N; Letendre, N; Li, C; Lin, H; Lindquist, PE; Littenberg, B; Lockerbie, NA; Lodhia, D; Longo, M; Lorenzini, M; Loriette, V; Lormand, M; Losurdo, G; Lu, P; Lubinski, M; Lucianetti, A; Luck, H; Machenschalk, B; MacInnis, M; Mackowski, JM; Mageswaran, M; Mailand, K; Majorana, E; Man, N; Mandel, I; Mandic, V; Mantovani, M; Marchesoni, F; Marion, F; Marka, S; Marka, Z; Markosyan, A; Markowitz, J; Maros, E; Marque, J; Martelli, F; Martin, IW; Martin, RM; Marx, JN; Mason, K; Masserot, A; Matichard, F; Matone, L; Matzner, RA; Mavalvala, N; McCarthy, R; McClelland, DE; McGuire, SC; McHugh, M; McIntyre, G; McKechan, DJA; McKenzie, K; Mehmet, M; Melatos, A; Melissinos, AC; Mendell, G; Menendez, DF; Menzinger, F; Mercer, RA; Meshkov, S; Messenger, C; Meyer, MS; Michel, C; Milano, L; Miller, J; Minelli, J; Minenkov, Y; Mino, Y; Mitrofanov, VP; Mitselmakher, G; Mittleman, R; Miyakawa, O; Moe, B; Mohan, M; Mohanty, SD; Mohapatra, SRP; Moreau, J; Moreno, G; Morgado, N; Morgia, A; Morioka, T; Mors, K; Mosca, S; Mossavi, K; Mours, B; MowLowry, C; Mueller, G; Muhammad, D; zur Muhlen, H; Mukherjee, S; Mukhopadhyay, H; Mullavey, A; Muller Ebhardt, H; Munch, J; Murray, PG; Myers, E; Myers, J; Nash, T; Nelson, J; Neri, I; Newton, G; Nishizawa, A; Nocera, F; Numata, K; Ochsner, E; O'Dell, J; Ogin, GH; O'Reilly, B; O'Shaughnessy, R; Ottaway, DJ; Ottens, RS; Overmier, H; Owen, BJ; Pagliaroli, G; Palomba, C; Pan, Y; Pankow, C; Paoletti, F; Papa, MA; Parameshwaraiah, V; Pardi, S; Pasqualetti, A; Passaquieti, R; Passuello, D; Patel, P; Pedraza, M; Penn, S; Perreca, A; Persichetti, G; Pichot, M; Piergiovanni, F; Pierro, V; Pinard, L; Pinto, IM; Pitkin, M; Pletsch, HJ; Plissi, MV; Poggiani, R; Postiglione, F; Principe, M; Prix, R; Prodi, GA; Prokhorov, L; Punken, O; Punturo, M; Puppo, P; Van der Putten, S; Quetschke, V; Raab, FJ; Rabaste, O; Rabeling, DS; Radkins, H; Raffai, P; Raics, Z; Rainer, N; Rakhmanov, M; Rapagnani, P; Raymond, V; Re, V; Reed, CM; Reed, T; Regimbau, T; Rehbein, H; Reid, S; Reitze, DH; Ricci, F; Riesen, R; Riles, K; Rivera, B; Roberts, P; Robertson, NA; Robinet, F; Robinson, C; Robinson, EL; Rocchi, A; Roddy, S; Rolland, L; Rollins, J; Romano, JD; Romano, R; Romie, JH; Rover, C; Rowan, S; Rudiger, A; Ruggi, P; Russell, P; Ryan, K; Sakata, S; Salemi, F; Sandberg, V; Sannibale, V; Santamaria, L; Saraf, S; Sarin, P; Sassolas, B; Sathyaprakash, BS; Sato, S; Satterthwaite, M; Saulson, PR; Savage, R; Savov, P; Scanlan, M; Schilling, R; Schnabel, R; Schofield, R; Schulz, B; Schutz, BF; Schwinberg, P; Scott, J; Scott, SM; Searle, AC; Sears, B; Seifert, F; Sellers, D; Sengupta, AS; Sentenac, D; Sergeev, A; Shapiro, B; Shawhan, P; Shoemaker, DH; Sibley, A; Siemens, X; Sigg, D; Sinha, S; Sintes, AM; Slagmolen, BJJ; Slutsky, J; van der Sluys, MV; Smith, JR; Smith, MR; Smith, ND; Somiya, K; Sorazu, B; Stein, A; Stein, LC; Steplewski, S; Stochino, A; Stone, R; Strain, KA; Strigin, S; Stroeer, A; Sturani, R; Stuver, AL; Summerscales, TZ; Sun, KX; Sung, M; Sutton, PJ; Swinkels, BL; Szokoly, GP; Talukder, D; Tang, L; Tanner, DB; Tarabrin, SP; Taylor, JR; Taylor, R; Terenzi, R; Thacker, J; Thorne, KA; Thorne, KS; Thuring, A; Tokmakov, KV; Toncelli, A; Tonelli, M; Torres, C; Torrie, C; Tournefier, E; Travasso, F; Traylor, G; Trias, M; Trummer, J; Ugolini, D; Ulmen, J; Urbanek, K; Vahlbruch, H; Vajente, G; Vallisneri, M; Vass, S; Vaulin, R; Vavoulidis, M; Vecchio, A; Vedovato, G; van Veggel, AA; Veitch, J; Veitch, P; Veltkamp, C; Verkindt, D; Vetrano, F; Vicere, A; Villar, A; Vinet, JY; Vocca, H; Vorvick, C; Vyachanin, SP; Waldman, SJ; Wallace, L; Ward, H; Ward, RL; Was, M; Weidner, A; Weinert, M; Weinstein, AJ; Weiss, R; Wen, L; Wen, S; Wette, K; Whelan, JT; Whitcomb, SE; Whiting, BF; Wilkinson, C; Willems, PA; Williams, HR; Williams, L; Willke, B; Wilmut, I; Winkelmann, L; Winkler, W; Wipf, CC; Wiseman, AG; Woan, G; Wooley, R; Worden, J; Wu, W; Yakushin, I; Yamamoto, H; Yan, Z; Yoshida, S; Yvert, M; Zanolin, M; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhao, C; Zotov, N; Zucker, ME; Zweizig, J.; COCCIA, EUGENIO; FAFONE, VIVIANA |
| Contributors: |
Abbott, B; Abbott, R; Acernese, F; Adhikari, R; Ajith, P; Allen, B; Allen, G; Alshourbagy, M; Amin, R; Anderson, S; Anderson, W; Antonucci, F; Aoudia, S; Arain, M; Araya, M; Armandula, H; Armor, P; Arun, K; Aso, Y; Aston, S; Astone, P; Aufmuth, P; Aulbert, C; Babak, S; Baker, P; Ballardin, G; Ballmer, S; Barker, C; Barker, D; Barone, F; Barr, B; Barriga, P; Barsotti, L; Barsuglia, M; Barton, M; Bartos, I; Bassiri, R; Bastarrika, M; Bauer, T; Behnke, B; Beker, M; Benacquista, M; Betzwieser, J; Beyersdorf, P; Bigotta, S; Bilenko, I; Billingsley, G; Birindelli, S; Biswas, R; Bizouard, M; Black, E; Blackburn, J; Blackburn, L; Blair, D; Bland, B; Boccara, C; Bodiya, T; Bogue, L; Bondu, F; Bonelli, L; Bork, R; Boschi, V; Bose, S; Bosi, L; Braccini, S; Bradaschia, C; Brady, P; Braginsky, V; Van Den Brand, J; Brau, J; Bridges, D; Brillet, A; Brinkmann, M; Brisson, V; Van Den Broeck, C; Brooks, A; Brown, D; Brummit, A; Brunet, G; Bullington, A; Bulten, H; Buonanno, A; Burmeister, O; Buskulic, D; Byer, R; Cadonati, L; Cagnoli, G; Calloni, E; Camp, J; Campagna, E; Cannizzo, J; Cannon, K; Canuel, B; Cao, J; Carbognani, F; Cardenas, L; Caride, S; Castaldi, G; Caudill, S; Cavaglia, M |
| Publisher Information: |
Nature Publishing Group; GB; LONDON |
| Publication Year: |
2009 |
| Collection: |
Universitá degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata": ART - Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca |
| Subject Terms: |
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES; STRING COSMOLOGY; VIRGO; Settore FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE |
| Description: |
A stochastic background of gravitational waves is expected to arise from a superposition of a large number of unresolved gravitational-wave sources of astrophysical and cosmological origin. It should carry unique signatures from the earliest epochs in the evolution of the Universe, inaccessible to standard astrophysical observations(1). Direct measurements of the amplitude of this background are therefore of fundamental importance for understanding the evolution of the Universe when it was younger than one minute. Here we report limits on the amplitude of the stochastic gravitational-wave background using the data from a two-year science run of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory(2) (LIGO). Our result constrains the energy density of the stochastic gravitational-wave background normalized by the critical energy density of the Universe, in the frequency band around 100 Hz, to be |
| Document Type: |
article in journal/newspaper |
| Language: |
English |
| Relation: |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000269085500029; volume:460; issue:7258; firstpage:990; lastpage:994; journal:NATURE; https://hdl.handle.net/2108/30938 |
| DOI: |
10.1038/nature08278 |
| Availability: |
https://hdl.handle.net/2108/30938; https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08278 |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.E4733124 |
| Database: |
BASE |