| Title: |
Sex Differences in Long COVID. |
| Authors: |
Shah, Dimpy P; Thaweethai, Tanayott; Karlson, Elizabeth W; Bonilla, Hector; Horne, Benjamin D; Mullington, Janet M; Wisnivesky, Juan P; Hornig, Mady; Shinnick, Daniel J; Klein, Jonathan D; Erdmann, Nathaniel B; Brosnahan, Shari B; Lee-Iannotti, Joyce K; Metz, Torri D; Maughan, Christine; Ofotokun, Ighovwerha; Reeder, Harrison T; Stiles, Lauren E; Shaukat, Aasma; Hess, Rachel; Ashktorab, Hassan; Bartram, Logan; Bassett, Ingrid V; Becker, Jacqueline H; Brim, Hassan; Charney, Alexander W; Chopra, Tananshi; Clifton, Rebecca G; Deeks, Steven G; Erlandson, Kristine M; Fierer, Daniel S; Flaherman, Valerie J; Fonseca, Vivian; Gander, Jennifer C; Hodder, Sally L; Jacoby, Vanessa L; Kotini-Shah, Pavitra; Krishnan, Jerry A; Kumar, Andre; Levy, Bruce D; Lieberman, David; Lin, Jenny J; Martin, Jeffrey N; McComsey, Grace A; Moukabary, Talal; Okumura, Megumi J; Peluso, Michael J; Rosen, Clifford J; Saade, George; Shah, Pankil K; Sherif, Zaki A; Taylor, Barbara S; Tuttle, Katherine R; Urdaneta, Alfredo E; Wallick, Julie A; Wiley, Zanthia; Zhang, David; Horwitz, Leora I; Foulkes, Andrea S; Singer, Nora G |
| Source: |
Neurology |
| Publisher Information: |
Barrow - St. Joseph's Scholarly Commons |
| Publication Year: |
2025 |
| Subject Terms: |
Humans; Female; Male; COVID-19; Middle Aged; Adult; SARS-CoV-2; Sex Factors; United States; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome; Cohort Studies; Aged; Risk Factors; Prospective Studies |
| Description: |
IMPORTANCE: A substantial number of individuals worldwide experience long COVID, or post-COVID condition. Other postviral and autoimmune conditions have a female predominance, but whether the same is true for long COVID, especially within different subgroups, is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sex differences in the risk of developing long COVID among adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study used data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER)-Adult cohort, which consists of individuals enrolled in and prospectively followed up at 83 sites in 33 US states plus Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Data were examined from all participants enrolled between October 29, 2021, and July 5, 2024, who had a qualifying study visit 6 months or more after their initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. EXPOSURE: Self-reported sex (male, female) assigned at birth. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Development of long COVID, measured using a self-reported symptom-based questionnaire and scoring guideline at the first study visit that occurred at least 6 months after infection. Propensity score matching was used to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and risk differences (95% CIs). The full model included demographic and clinical characteristics and social determinants of health, and the reduced model included only age, race, and ethnicity. RESULTS: Among 12 276 participants who had experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection (8969 [73%] female; mean [SD] age at infection, 46 [15] years), female sex was associated with higher risk of long COVID in the primary full (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.06-1.62) and reduced (RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.17-1.77) models. This finding was observed across all age groups except 18 to 39 years (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.72-1.49). Female sex was associated with significantly higher overall long COVID risk when the analysis was restricted to nonpregnant participants (RR, 1.50; 95%: CI, 1.27-1.77). Among participants aged 40 to 54 years, the risk ratio was 1.42 ... |
| Document Type: |
text |
| Language: |
unknown |
| Relation: |
https://scholar.barrowneuro.org/neurology/1933 |
| DOI: |
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.55430 |
| Availability: |
https://scholar.barrowneuro.org/neurology/1933; https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.55430 |
| Accession Number: |
edsbas.EB6C8F33 |
| Database: |
BASE |