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Stroke in critically ill patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19: Disparities between low-middle and high-income countries

Title:	Stroke in critically ill patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19: Disparities between low-middle and high-income countries
Authors:	Battaglini, Denise; Kelly, Thu-Lan; Griffee, Matthew; Fanning, Jonathon; Premraj, Lavienraj; Whitman, Glenn; Porto, Diego Bastos; Arora, Rakesh; Thomson, David; Pelosi, Paolo; White, Nicole M.; Bassi, Gianluigi Li; Suen, Jacky; Fraser, John F.; Robba, Chiara; Cho, Sung-Min; Al-Dabbous, Tala; Alfoudri, Huda; Shamsah, Mohammed; Alfroukh, Khadeejeh; Bairmani, Zinah Aqeel Abdulzahra; Khalid, Khalid Jehad; Abukhalaf, Salsabeel M. A.; Hadhoud, Mohammed Maher; Abdrabo, Mohamed Fouad; Fathi, Mohamed; Alhouri, Hasan; Shahla, Dr Hamza; Alhadad, Qamrah; Hanan, Matly; Elapavaluru, Subbarao; Berg, Ashley; Horn, Christina; Abdelhalim, Ahmed Reda Mohamed Elsayed; Amer, Amro Essam; Elnaggar, Cinderella Omar Rageh; Hassan, Ahmed Ayman; Abdelaziz, Ali; Abdelhalim, Mohamed; Orabi, Yehia Samir Shaaban Aly; Alaraji, Zinah A.; Muhaisen, Mo'nes R.; Almasri, Lana; Mustafa, Dana; Hamdan, Shaher; Al-Saba'a, Yousef; Dalloul, Zaina; Alkahlout, Mohammed; Jaber, Hamza; Aldabbourosama, Osama; Abdalhadi, Alaa Abdalfattah; Hussein, Aliae AR Mohamed; Emad, Zarief Kamel; Khaled, Sarah; Mohamed, Nouralsabah; Hassanin, Ebtisam; Hamdi, Abdelhafeez; Gamal, May; Emad, Ahmed; Ragab, Abdelrahman; Azizeldin, Mohammed G; Hamza, Almthani; Omer, Alsarrah Ali Mohammed; Fadl alla, Asgad Osman Abdalla; Abdallahrs, Asia Atif Abdelrahman; Eltayeb, Aml Ahmed; Alhasan, Maali khalid mohamed abdalla; Abdelgaum, Esraa Hassan; Ahmed, Aya Mustafa; Abdulbaqi, Lamees Adil; Mohammedelhassan, Omer Abdullah; Ahmed, Musaab Mohammed Mohammed; Ali, Maha TagElser Mohammed; Mayasi, Yunis; Schroll, Stephan; Meyer, Dan; Velazco, Jorge; Ploskanych, Ludmyla; Fikes, Wanda; Bagewadi, Rohini; Dao, Marvin; White, Haley; Laviena, Alondra Berrios; Ehlers, Ashley; Shalabi-McGuire, Maysoon; Witt, Trent; Grazioli, Lorenzo; Lorini, Luca; Grandin, E. Wilson; Nunez, Jose; Reyes, Tiago; O'Briain, Diarmuid; Hunter, Stephanie; Ramanan, Mahesh; Affleck, Julia; Veerendra, Hemanth Hurkadli; Rai, Sumeet; Russell-Brown, Josie; Nourse, Mary; Joseph, Mark; Mitchell, Brook; Tenzer, Martha; Abe, Ryuzo; Cho, Hwa Jin; Jeong, In Seok; Rahman, Nadeem; Kakar, Vivek; Tamimi, Ahmed; Zabalawi, Diala; Elhennawi, Mohamed; Ghisulal, Praveen; Malik, Sadaf; Brozzi, Nicolas; Mehkri, Omar; Krishnan, Sudhir; Duggal, Abhijit; Houltham, Stuart; Graf, Jerónimo; Diaz, Roderigo; Orrego, Roderigo; Delgado, Camila; González, Joyce; Sanchez, Maria Soledad; Piagnerelli, Michael; Sarrazin, Josefa Valenzuela; Zabert, Prof. Gustavo; Espinosa, Lucio; Delgado, Paulo; Delgado, Victoria; Rincón, Diego Fernando Bautista; Yanten, Angela Maria Marulanda; Duque, Melissa Bustamante; Brodie, Daniel; Abouelmagd, Khaled; Elhazmi, Alyaa; Al-Hudaib, Abdullah; Javidfar, Jeff; Callahan, Maria; Dong, Andy; D'Orleans, Charles Crepy; Taufik, M. Azhari; Wardoyo, Elizabeth Yasmin; Gunawan, Margaretha; Trisnaningrum, Nurindah S; Irawany, Vera; Rayhan, Muhammad; Panigada, Mauro; Pesenti, Antonio; Zanella, Alberto; Grasselli, Giacomo; Colombo, Sebastiano; Martinet, Chiara; Florio, Gaetano; Antonelli, Massimo; Carelli, Simone; Grieco, Domenico L.; Asaki, Motohiro; Hoshino, Kota; Salazar, Leonardo; Monsalve, Mary Alejandra Mendoza; Laffey, John; McNicholas, Bairbre; Cosgrave, David; Atif, Minha; Qutishat, Fadi; Laffey, Caoimhe; Van Der Walt, Michaeal; McCaffrey, Joseph; Bone, Allison; Trickey, Jemma; Horton, Michelle; Pearce, Stephanie; Salerno, Tania; Mohamed, Akram; Alhaddad, Salem; Bakeer, Baliad; Haitam, Shames; Shalabi, Laila; Ahmed, Mohammed Abodina; Hakeem, Yusuff; Winearls, James; Tallott, Mandy; Joubert, Ivan; Arnold-Day, Christel; Piercy, Jenna; Smit, Richard van Zyl; Miller, Malcom; Seymour, Lisa; van Heyningen, Francois; Teyangesikayi, Gilbert; Fredericks, David; Hssain, Ali Ait; Aliudin, Jeffrey; Alqahtani, Al-Reem; Mohamed, Khoulod; Mohamed, Ahmed; Tan, Darwin; Villanueva, Joy; Zaqout, Ahmed; Labib, Ahmed; Kurtzman, Ethan; Ademi, Arben; Dobrita, Ana; Aoudi, Khadija El; Segura, Juliet; Giwangkancana, Gezy; Ohshimo, Shinichiro; Osatnik, Javier; Joosten, Anne; Torres, Antoni; Yang, Minlan; Motos, Ana; Luna, Carlos; Arancibia, Francisco; Williams, Virginie; Noel, Alexandre; Luque, Nestor; Fantini, Marina; García, Ruth Noemi Jorge; Alvarez, Enrique Chicote; Greti, Anna; Ceccato, Adrian; Sanchez, Angel; Vazquez, Ana Loza; Roche-Campo, Ferran; Franch-Llasat, Diego; Tuazon, Divina; Amato, Marcelo; Cassimiro, Luciana; Pola, Flavio; Ribeiro, Francis; Fonseca, Guilherme; Dalton, Heidi; Desai, Mehul; Osborn, Erik; Deeb, Hala; Arcadipane, Antonio; Martucci, Gennaro; Panarello, Giovanna; Vitiello, Stefano; Bianco, Claudia; Occhipinti, Giovanna; Rossetti, Matteo; Cuffaro, Raffaele; Siddig, Nidhal; Sayed, Marwan El; Mokhtar, Walaa; El-Shenawy, Eslam; Shimizu, Hiroaki; Moriyama, Naoki; Kim, Jae-Burm; Kitamura, Nobuya; Gebauer, Johannes; Yokoyama, Toshiki; Al-Fares, Abdulrahman; Buabbas, Sarah; Alamad, Esam; Alawadhi, Fatma; Alawadi, Kalthoum; Khalefa, Mohamed Ahmed; Ajeel, Nourah Ahmad Abdulaziz Al; Aly, Mohammad Fathy; Al-Saleh, Abdullah; Naanouh, Abdullah; Elshourbgy, Alaa Mohammed; Gad, Mohamed Yousef; ElRazaz, Rania Mohamed; Khadadah, Ibrahim; Almumin, Ahmed Mohammed; Altarakma, Hala; Albannay, Hasan; Alsaleh, Mohammed Kh; Radwan, Mahmoud Saad Abdallah; Saadallah, Islam Ahmed; Tanaka, Hiro; Hashimoto, Satoru; Yamazaki, Masaki; Oh, Tak-Hyuck; Epler, Mark; Forney, Cathleen; Kruse, Louise; Feister, Jared; Williamson, Joelle; Grobengieser, Katherine; Gnall, Eric; Golden, Sasha; Caroline, Mara; Shapiro, Timothy; Karaj, Colleen; Thome, Lisa; Sher, Lynn; Vanderland, Mark; Welch, Mary; McDermott, Sherry; Brain, Matthew; Mineall, Sarah; Unwin, Maria; Chen, Lixian; Trezise, Tarnya; McKeon, Laurie; Kimura, Dai; Brazzi, Luca; Sales, Gabriele; Montrucchio, Giorgia; Ogston, Tawnya; Nagpal, Dave; Fischer, Karlee; Lorusso, Roberto; van Bussell, Bas; De Piero, Maria Elena; Mariani, Silvia; Rangappa, Dr Rajavardhan; Shetty, Dr Rajesh Mohan; P, Sujin Rai; Ganesan, Argin; Tharwat, Samar; Esperatti, Mariano; Fuentes, Nora Angélica; Gonzalez, Maria Eugenia; Carton, Edmund G.; Sen, Ayan; Palacios, Amanda; Rainey, Deborah; Samoukoviv, Gordan; Campisi, Josie; Durham, Lucia; Neumann, Emily; Seefeldt, Cassandra; Falcucci, Octavio; Emmrich, Amanda; Guy, Jennifer; Johns, Carling; Potzner, Kelly; Zimmermann, Catherine; Espinal, Angelia; Buchtele, Nina; Schwameis, Michael; Korhnfehl, Andrea; Brock, Roman; Staudinger, Thomas; Stecher, Stephanie-Susanne; Barnikel, Michaela; Antón, Sófia; Pawlikowski, Alexandra; Zaaqoq, Akram; Galloway, Lan Anh; Merley, Caitlin; Muftah, Mohamed; Nichol, Alistair; Csete, Marc; Quesada, Luisa; Saba, Isabela; Kasugai, Daisuke; Hiraiwa, Hiroaki; Tanaka, Taku; Marwali, Eva; Purnama, Yoel; Dewayanti, Santi Rahayu; Ardiyan, null; Juzar, Dafsah Arifa; Siagian, Debby; Chen, Yih-Sharng; Aldhalia, Amer; Ogino, Mark; Nasa, Prashant; Matthew, Christina; Majeed, Nimisha Abdul; Hafez, Wael; Ratsep, Indrek; Post, Andra-Maris; Sillaots, Piret; Krund, Anneli; Lehiste, Merili-Helen; Lepik, Tanel; Manetta, Frank; Mihelis, Effe; Sarmiento, Iam Claire; Narasimhan, Mangala; Varrone, Michael; Komats, Mamoru; Garcia-Diaz, Julia; Harmon, Catherine; Satyapriya, S. Veena; Bhatt, Amar; Mokadam, Nahush A.; Uribe, Alberto; Gonzalez, Alicia; Shi, Haixia; McKeown, Johnny; Pasek, Joshua; Fiorda, Juan; Echeverria, Marco; Moreno, Rita; Zakhary, Bishoy; Cavana, Marco; Cucino, Alberto; Foti, Giuseppe; Giani, Marco; Fumagalli, Benedetta; Chiumello, Davide; Castagna, Valentina; Dell'Amore, Andrea; Navalesi, Paolo; Shum, Hoi-Ping; Vuysteke, Alain; Usman, Asad; Acker, Andrew; Smood, Benjamin; Mergler, Blake; Sertic, Federico; Subramanian, Madhu; Sperry, Alexandra; Rizer, Nicolas; Burhan, Erlina; Rasmin, Menaldi; Akmal, Ernita; Sitompul, Faya; Lolong, Navy; Naivedh, Bhat; Erickson, Simon; Barrett, Peter; Dean, David; Daugherty, Julia; Loforte, Antonio; Khan, Irfan; Quraishi, Mohammed Abraar; DeSantis, Olivia; Nasrallah, Ahmad; So, Dominic; Kandamby, Darshana; Mandei, Jose M.; Natanael, Hans; YudhaLantang, Eka; Lantang, Anastasia; Wijaya, Surya Oto; Jung, Anna; Ng, George; Ng, Wing Yiu; Ng, Pauline Yeung; Fang, Shu; Tabah, Alexis; Ratcliffe, Megan; Duroux, Maree; Alajeeli, Ahmed; Tarhabat, Ali; Adachi, Shingo; Nakao, Shota; Blanco, Pablo; Prieto, Ana; Sánchez, Jesús; Nicholson, Meghan; Butt, Warwick; Serratore, Alyssa; Delzoppo, Carmel; Janin, Pierre; Yarad, Elizabeth; Totaro, Richard; Coles, Jennifer; Pujo, Bambang; Balk, Robert; Vissing, Andy; Kapania, Esha; Hays, James; Fox, Samuel; Yantosh, Garrett; Mishin, Pavel; Adem, Safia; Yuliarto, Saptadi; Santoso, Kohar Hari; Djajalaksana, Susanthy; Fatoni, Arie Zainul; Fukuda, Masahiro; Liu, Keibun; Jiménez, Juan Fernando Masa; Bastos, Diego; Gaião, Sérgio; Rusmawatiningtyas, Desy; Cho, Young-Jae; Lee, Su Hwan; Kawasaki, Tatsuya; Munshi, Laveena; Sakiyalak, Pranya; Nitayavardhana, Prompak; Elagili, Mohamed Bashir; Salem, Talat Ahmed Abu; Seitz, Tamara; Kent, David; Marino, Daniel; Parwar, Swapnil; Cheng, Andrew; Miller, Jennene; Fujitani, Shigeki; Shimizu, Naoki; Madhok, Jai; Owyang, Clark; Buscher, Hergen; Reynolds, Claire; Abdurraouf, Abusalama; Kredan, Ali Abdulnasir; Haddud, Abdurrahman; Moharam, Saad; Maasikas, Olavi; Beljantsev, Aleksan; Mihnovits, Vladislav; Akimoto, Takako; Aizawa, Mariko; Horibe, Kanako; Onodera, Ryota; Hodgson, Carol; Burrell, Aidan; Young, Meredith; George, Timothy; Shekar, Kiran; McGuinness, Niki; Irvine, Lacey; Flynn, Brigid; Almjersah, Abdulrahman; Bakri, Ashraf; Endo, Tomoyuki; Sugiyama, Kazuhiro; Shimizu, Keiki; Fan, Eddy; Exconde, Kathleen; Ichiba, Shingo; Binnawara, Muhannud; Embarek, Hussein; Lussier, Leslie; Lotz, Gösta; Malfertheiner, Maximilian; Maier, Lars; Dreier, Esther; Kusumastuti, Neurinda Permata; McCloskey, Colin; Dabaliz, Al-Awwab; Elshazly, Tarek B; Smith, Josiah; Szuldrzynski, Konstanty S.; Bielański, Piotr; Wille, Keith; Murthy, Srinivas; Parhar, Ken Kuljit S.; Fiest, Kirsten M.; Codan, Cassidy; Shahid, Anmol; Fayed, Mohamed; Evans, Timothy; Garcia, Rebekah; Gutierrez, Ashley; Song, Tae; Rose, Rebecca; Bennett, Suzanne; Richardson, Denise; Peek, Giles; Arora, Lovkesh; Rappapport, Kristina; Rudolph, Kristina; Sibenaller, Zita; Stout, Lori; Walter, Alicia; Herr, Daniel; Vedadi, Nazli; Bartlett, Robert; Thompson, Shaun; Hoffman, Julie; Ying, Xiaonan; Williams, Bailey; Sanchez, Emely; Akwani, Chika; Kennedy, Ryan; Elhadi, Muhammed; Mone, Mary; Ciullo, Anna; Kida, Yuri; Roca, Ricard Ferrer; Riera, JordI; Contreras, Sofia; Alegre, Cynthia; Kay, Christy; Fischer, Irene; Renner, Elizabeth; Taniguci, Hayato; Lee, James; Plotkin, Daniel; Citarella, Barbara Wanjiru; Merson, Laura; Hartley, Emma; Lubis, Bastian; Ikeyama, Takanari; Mortada, Alshaymaa; Alhamad, Ameen; Mechi, Ahmed; Nadar, Islam Mohsen Ali Mohamed Hassan; Alyasiri, Mohammed Saleh; Elsaid, Muhammed Zainab Alghali; Bhaskar, Balu; Jung, Jae-Seung; McGuinness, Shay; Eastwood, Glenn; Marta, Sandra Rossi; Guarracino, Fabio; Gerle, Stacy; Coxon, Emily; Claro, Bruno; Aldressi, Wafa; Eleisawy, Mahmoud; Osama, Hasnaa; Loverde, Daniel; Patil, Namrata; Parrini, Vieri; McBride, Angela; Negaard, Kathryn; Ratsch, Angela; Abdelaziz, Ahmad; Uribe, Juan David; Peris, Adriano; Sanders, Mark; Emerson, Dominic; Kamal, Muhammad; Faida, Hamza; Povoa, Pedro; Francis, Roland; Cherif, Ali; Joseph, Sunimol; Nardo, Matteo Di; Heard, Micheal; Kyle, Kimberly; Blackwell, Ray A; OUYAHIA, Amel; Biston, Patrick; Jeong, Hye Won; Smith, Reanna; Prawira, Yogi; Garcia, Arturo Huerta; Salterain, Nahikari; Meyns, Bart; Elnasser, Muhammed; Moreno, Marsha; Walia, Rajat; Mehta, Amit; Schweda, Annette; Williams, Melissa; Amkhatirah, Emad; Kim, Kyung Hoon; Assad, Alexandra; Giraldo, Estefania; Karolak, Wojtek; Balik, Martin; Pocock, Elizabeth; Gajkowski, Evan; Bedair, Mohamed; Masafumi, Kanamoto; Barrett, Nicholas; Takeyama, Yoshihiro; Park, Sunghoon; Amin, Faizan; Andriyani, Fina Meilyana; Sudakevych, Serhii; Schnur, Janos; Vera, Magdalena; Cornejo, Rodrigo; Schwarz, Patrícia; Mardini, Ana Carolina; de Paula, Thais; Neto, Ary Serpa; Villoldo, Andrea; Colafranceschi, Alexandre Siciliano; Iglesias, Alejandro Ubeda; Granjean, Juan; Melro, Lívia Maria Garcia; Romualdo, Giovana Fioravante; Gaia, Diego; Souza, Helmgton; Galas, Filomena; Mendiluce, Rafael Máñez; Sosa, Alejandra; Martinez, Ignacio; Kurosawa, Hiroshi; Almoshantaf, Mohammad Badr; Salgado, Juan; Hugi-Mayr, Beate; Charbonneau, Eric; Barzilai, Vitor Salvatore; Monteiro, Veronica; de Souza, Rodrigo Ribeiro; Harper, Michael; Suzuki, Hiroyuki; Adams, Celina; Brieva, Jorge; Khamees, Almu'atasim; Graige, Fadi; Supriatna, Moh; Nyale, George; Eltatar, Faisal Saleem; Fatani, Jihan; Baeissa, Husam; Masri, Ayman AL; Rabie, Ahmed; Hui, Mok Yee; Yamane, Masahiro; Jung, Hanna; Margaret, Ayorinde Mojisola; Nacpil, Newell; Ruck, Katja; Bakken, Rhonda; Jara, Claire; Felton, Tim; Berra, Lorenzo; Shah, Bobby; Chakraborty, Arpan; Cardona, Monika; Capatos, Gerry; Akkanti, Bindu; Orija, Abiodun; Jain, Harsh; Ito, Asami; Housni, Brahim; Low, Sennen; Iihara, Koji; Chavez, Joselito; Ramanathan, Kollengode; Zabert, Gustavo; Naidoo, Krubin; Seppelt, Ian; VanDyk, Marlice; MacDonald, Sarah; McGregor, Randy; Siebenaler, Teka; Flynn, Hannah; Lofton, Kristi; Aokage, Toshiyuki; Kvirkvelia, Bakar; Shigemitsu, Kazuaki; Moscatelli, Andrea; Fiorentino, Giuseppe; Baumgaertel, Matthias; Mba, Serge Eddy; Assy, Jana; Hutahaean, Amelya; Roush, Holly; Sichting, Kay A; Alessandri, Francesco; Burns, Debra; Alkhubouli, Taha Husayn; Salt, Gavin; Garabedian, Carl P.; Millar, Jonathan; Sim, Malcolm; Mattke, Adrian; McAuley, Danny; Tadili, Jawad; Frenzel, Tim; Abuleil, Amro; Bar-Lavie, Yaron; Ortiz, Aaron Blandino; Stone, Jackie; Attokaran, Antony; Farquharson, Michael; Patel, Brij; Gunning, Derek; Baillie, Kenneth; Watson, Pia; Tamai, Kenji; Saaid, Ayoub; Anania, Pasquale; Sajinadiyasa, Gede Ketut; Kanyawati, Dyah; Salgado, Marcello; Sassine, Assad; Yudo, Bhirowo; McCaul, Scott; Lee, Bongjin; Lee, Sang Min; Afek, Arnon; Fattouh, Shimaa E; Iwashita, Yoshiaki; Fadlalmola, Hammad; Semedi, Bambang Pujo; Mansour, Noureldin Mohamed; Metiva, Jack; Van Belle, Nicole; Martin-Loeches, Ignacio; Al-Sadawi, Dr Mohammed; Kirakli, Cenk; Shimaa, Al-Touny; Ivatt, Lenny; Woon, Chia Yew; Kang, Hyun Mi; Smith, Timothy; James, Erskine; Al-Rawas, Nawar; Iwasaki, Yudai; Ashour, Hamza; King-Chung, Kenny Chan; Gudzenko, Vadim; Taccone, Fabio; Perdhana, Fajar; Lamarche, Yoan; Ribeiro, Joao Miguel; Bradic, Nikola; Van den Bossche, Klaartje; Lansink, Oude; Singh, Gurmeet; Debeuckelaere, Gerdy; Stelfox, Henry T.; Yi, Cassia; Elia, Jennifer; Tribble, Thomas; Shankar, Shyam; Padmanabhan, Raj; Hallinan, Bill; Paoletti, Luca; Leyva, Yolanda; Fykuda, Tatuma; Badulak, Jenelle; Koch, Jillian; Janowaik, Lisa; Hackman, Amy; Hernandez, Deb; Osofsky, Jennifer; Donadello, Katia; Lawang, Aizah; Fine, Josh; Davidson, Benjamin; Vazquez, Andres Oswaldo Razo; Abdehaleem, Ibrahim
Contributors:	D. Battaglini; T. Kelly; M. Griffee; J. Fanning; L. Premraj; G. Whitman; D.B. Porto; R. Arora; D. Thomson; P. Pelosi; N.M. White; G.L. Bassi; J. Suen; J.F. Fraser; C. Robba; S. Cho; T. Al-Dabbou; H. Alfoudri; M. Shamsah; K. Alfroukh; Z.A.A. Bairmani; K.J. Khalid; S.M.A. Abukhalaf; M.M. Hadhoud; M.F. Abdrabo; M. Fathi; H. Alhouri; D.H. Shahla; Q. Alhadad; M. Hanan; S. Elapavaluru; A. Berg; C. Horn; A.R.M.E. Abdelhalim; A.E. Amer; C.O.R. Elnaggar; A.A. Hassan; A. Abdelaziz; M. Abdelhalim; Y.S.S.A. Orabi; Z.A. Alaraji; M.R. Muhaisen; L. Almasri; D. Mustafa; S. Hamdan; Y. Al-Saba'a; Z. Dalloul; M. Alkahlout; H. Jaber; O. Aldabbourosama; A.A. Abdalhadi; A.A.M. Hussein; Z.K. Emad; S. Khaled; N. Mohamed; E. Hassanin; A. Hamdi; M. Gamal; A. Emad; A. Ragab; M.G. Azizeldin; A. Hamza; A.A.M. Omer; A.O.A. Fadl Alla; A.A.A. Abdallahr; A.A. Eltayeb; M.K.M.A. Alhasan; E.H. Abdelgaum; A.M. Ahmed; L.A. Abdulbaqi; O.A. Mohammedelhassan; M.M.M. Ahmed; M.T.M. Ali; Y. Mayasi; S. Schroll; D. Meyer; J. Velazco; L. Ploskanych; W. Fike; R. Bagewadi; M. Dao; H. White; A.B. Laviena; A. Ehler; M. Shalabi-McGuire; T. Witt; L. Grazioli; L. Lorini; E.W. Grandin; J. Nunez; T. Reye; D. O'Briain; S. Hunter; M. Ramanan; J. Affleck; H.H. Veerendra; S. Rai; J. Russell-Brown; M. Nourse; M. Joseph
Publisher Information:	Elsevier Inc.
Publication Year:	2024
Collection:	The University of Milan: Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (AIR)
Subject Terms:	COVID-19; Disability; Income countrie; Neurological complication; Stroke; Settore MEDS-23/A - Anestesiologia
Description:	Purpose: We aimed to compare the incidence of stroke in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) versus high-income countries (HICs) in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and its impact on in-hospital mortality. Methods: International observational study conducted in 43 countries. Stroke and mortality incidence rates and rate ratios (IRR) were calculated per admitted days using Poisson regression. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to address the HICs vs. LMICs imbalance for confounders. Results: 23,738 patients [20,511(86.4 %) HICs vs. 3,227(13.6 %) LMICs] were included. The incidence stroke/1000 admitted-days was 35.7 (95 %CI = 28.4–44.9) LMICs and 17.6 (95 %CI = 15.8–19.7) HICs; ischemic 9.47 (95 %CI = 6.57–13.7) LMICs, 1.97 (95 %CI = 1.53, 2.55) HICs; hemorrhagic, 7.18 (95 %CI = 4.73–10.9) LMICs, and 2.52 (95 %CI = 2.00–3.16) HICs; unspecified stroke type 11.6 (95 %CI = 7.75–17.3) LMICs, 8.99 (95 %CI = 7.70–10.5) HICs. In regression with IPW, LMICs vs. HICs had IRR = 1.78 (95 %CI = 1.31–2.42, p < 0.001). Patients from LMICs were more likely to die than those from HICs [43.6% vs 29.2 %; Relative Risk (RR) = 2.59 (95 %CI = 2.29–2.93), p < 0.001)]. Patients with stroke were more likely to die than those without stroke [RR = 1.43 (95 %CI = 1.19–1.72), p < 0.001)]. Conclusions: Stroke incidence was low in HICs and LMICs although the stroke risk was higher in LMICs. Both LMIC status and stroke increased the risk of death. Improving early diagnosis of stroke and redistribution of healthcare resources should be a priority. Trial registration: ACTRN12620000421932 registered on 30/03/2020.
Document Type:	article in journal/newspaper
Language:	English
Relation:	info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/38968643; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:001268895800001; volume:68; firstpage:131; lastpage:144; numberofpages:14; journal:HEART & LUNG; https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1190671
DOI:	10.1016/j.hrtlng.2024.06.015
Availability:	https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1190671; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2024.06.015
Rights:	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess ; license:Nessuna licenza ; license:Creative commons ; license uri:iris.PRI01 ; license uri:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Accession Number:	edsbas.F18D3010
Database:	BASE