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A Two-week IXPE Monitoring Campaign on Mrk 421

Title:	A Two-week IXPE Monitoring Campaign on Mrk 421
Authors:	Maksym, WP; Liodakis, I; Saade, ML; Kim, DE; Middei, R; Di Gesu, L; Kiehlmann, S; Matzeu, G; Agudo, I; Marscher, AP; Ehlert, SR; Jorstad, SG; Kaaret, P; Marshall, HL; Pacciani, L; Perri, M; Puccetti, S; Kouch, PM; Lindfors, E; Aceituno, FJ; Bonnoli, G; Casanova, V; Escudero, J; Gómez, JL; Agís-González, B; Husillos, C; Morcuende, D; Otero-Santos, J; Sota, A; Piirola, V; Imazawa, R; Sasada, M; Fukazawa, Y; Kawabata, KS; Uemura, M; Mizuno, T; Nakaoka, T; Akitaya, H; McCall, C; Jermak, HE; Steele, IA; Borman, GA; Grishina, TS; Hagen-Thorn, VA; Kopatskaya, EN; Larionova, EG; Morozova, DA; Savchenko, SS; Shishkina, EV; Troitskiy, IS; Troitskaya, YV; Vasilyev, AA; Zhovtan, AV; Myserlis, I; Gurwell, M; Keating, G; Rao, R; Pauley, C; Angelakis, E; Kraus, A; Berdyugin, AV; Kagitani, M; Kravtsov, V; Poutanen, J; Sakanoi, T; Kang, S; Lee, S-S; Kim, S-H; Cheong, WY; Jeong, H-W; Song, C; Blinov, D; Shablovinskaya, E; Antonelli, LA; Bachetti, M; Baldini, L; Baumgartner, WH; Bellazzini, R; Bianchi, S; Bongiorno, SD; Bonino, R; Brez, A; Bucciantini, N; Capitanio, F; Castellano, S; Cavazzuti, E; Chen, C-T; Ciprini, S; Costa, E; De Rosa, A; Del Monte, E; Di Lalla, N; Di Marco, A; Donnarumma, I; Doroshenko, V; Dovčiak, M; Enoto, T; Evangelista, Y; Fabiani, S; Ferrazzoli, R; Garcia, JA; Gunji, S; Hayashida, K; Heyl, J; Iwakiri, W; Karas, V; Kislat, F; Kitaguchi, T; Kolodziejczak, JJ; Krawczynski, H; La Monaca, F; Latronico, L; Maldera, S; Manfreda, A; Marin, F; Marinucci, A; Massaro, F; Matt, G; Mitsuishi, I; Muleri, F; Negro, M; Ng, C-Y; O’Dell, SL; Omodei, N; Oppedisano, C; Papitto, A; Pavlov, GG; Peirson, AL; Pesce-Rollins, M; Petrucci, P-O; Pilia, M; Possenti, A; Ramsey, BD; Rankin, J; Ratheesh, A; Roberts, OJ; Romani, RW; Sgró, C; Slane, P; Soffitta, P; Spandre, G; Swartz, DA; Tamagawa, T; Tavecchio, F; Taverna, R; Tawara, Y; Tennant, AF; Thomas, NE; Tombesi, F; Trois, A; Tsygankov, SS; Turolla, R; Vink, J; Weisskopf, MC; Wu, K; Xie, F; Zane, S
Publisher Information:	American Astronomical Society
Publication Year:	2025
Collection:	Liverpool John Moores University: LJMU Research Online
Subject Terms:	QB Astronomy; QC Physics
Description:	X-ray polarization is a unique new probe of the particle acceleration in astrophysical jets made possible through the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. Here we report on the first dense X-ray polarization monitoring campaign on the blazar Mrk 421. Our observations were accompanied by an even denser radio and optical polarization campaign. We find significant short-timescale variability in both X-ray polarization degree and angle, including an ∼90° angle rotation about the jet axis. We attribute this to random variations of the magnetic field, consistent with the presence of turbulence but also unlikely to be explained by turbulence alone. At the same time, the degree of lower-energy polarization is significantly lower and shows no more than mild variability. Our campaign provides further evidence for a scenario in which energy-stratified shock-acceleration of relativistic electrons, combined with a turbulent magnetic field, is responsible for optical to X-ray synchrotron emission in blazar jets.
Document Type:	article in journal/newspaper
File Description:	text
Language:	English
ISSN:	0004-637X
Relation:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/26673/1/A%20Two%20week%20IXPE%20Monitoring%20Campaign%20on%20Mrk%20421.pdf; Maksym, WP ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-2203-7889 , Liodakis, I ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-9200-4006 , Saade, ML ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-7163-7015 , Kim, DE ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-5717-3736 , Middei, R ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-9815-9092 , Di Gesu, L ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-5614-5028 , Kiehlmann, S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6314-9177 , Matzeu, G, Agudo, I ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-3777-6182 , Marscher, AP ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-7396-3332 , Ehlert, SR ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-4420-2838 , Jorstad, SG ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6158-1708 , Kaaret, P ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-3638-0637 , Marshall, HL ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-6492-1293 , Pacciani, L ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6897-5996 , Perri, M ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-3613-4409 , Puccetti, S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-2734-7835 , Kouch, PM ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-9328-2750 , Lindfors, E, Aceituno, FJ, Bonnoli, G ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-2464-9077 , Casanova, V, Escudero, J ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-4131-655X , Gómez, JL ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-4190-7613 , Agís-González, B ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-7702-8931 , Husillos, C ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-8286-5443 , Morcuende, D ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-9400-0922 , Otero-Santos, J, Sota, A, Piirola, V ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-0186-206X , Imazawa, R ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0643-7946 , Sasada, M, Fukazawa, Y ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0921-8837 , Kawabata, KS ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6099-9539 , Uemura, M ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-7375-7405 , Mizuno, T ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-7263-0296 , Nakaoka, T, Akitaya, H ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6156-238X , McCall, C ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-3375-3397 , Jermak, HE ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-1197-8501 , Steele, IA ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-8397-5759 , Borman, GA ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-7262-6710 , Grishina, TS ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-3953-6676 , Hagen-Thorn, VA ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-6431-8590 , Kopatskaya, EN ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-9518-337X , Larionova, EG ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-2471-6500 , Morozova, DA ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-9407-7804 , Savchenko, SS ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-4147-3851 , Shishkina, EV, Troitskiy, IS ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-4218-0148 , Troitskaya, YV ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-9907-9876 , Vasilyev, AA ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-8293-0214 , Zhovtan, AV, Myserlis, I ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-3025-9497 , Gurwell, M ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-0685-3621 , Keating, G ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-3490-146X , Rao, R ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-1407-7944 , Pauley, C ORCID logoorcid:0009-0006-5434-0475 , Angelakis, E ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-7327-5441 , Kraus, A ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-4184-9372 , Berdyugin, AV ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-9353-5164 , Kagitani, M, Kravtsov, V ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-7502-3173 , Poutanen, J ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0983-0049 , Sakanoi, T, Kang, S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0112-4836 , Lee, S-S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-6269-594X , Kim, S-H ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-7556-8504 , Cheong, WY ORCID logoorcid:0009-0002-1871-5824 , Jeong, H-W ORCID logoorcid:0009-0005-7629-8450 , Song, C ORCID logoorcid:0009-0003-8767-7080 , Blinov, D, Shablovinskaya, E, Antonelli, LA ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-5037-9034 , Bachetti, M ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-4576-9337 , Baldini, L ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-9785-7726 , Baumgartner, WH ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-5106-0463 , Bellazzini, R ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-2469-7063 , Bianchi, S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-4622-4240 , Bongiorno, SD ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0901-2097 , Bonino, R ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-4264-1215 , Brez, A ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-9460-1821 , Bucciantini, N ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-8848-1392 , Capitanio, F ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-6384-3027 , Castellano, S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-1111-4292 , Cavazzuti, E ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-7150-9638 , Chen, C-T ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-4945-5079 , Ciprini, S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0712-2479 , Costa, E ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-4925-8523 , De Rosa, A ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-5668-6863 , Del Monte, E ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-3013-6334 , Di Lalla, N ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-7574-1298 , Di Marco, A ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-0331-3259 , Donnarumma, I ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-4700-4549 , Doroshenko, V ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-8162-1105 , Dovčiak, M ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-0079-1239 , Enoto, T ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-1244-3100 , Evangelista, Y ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6096-6710 , Fabiani, S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-1533-0283 , Ferrazzoli, R ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-1074-8605 , Garcia, JA ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-3828-2448 , Gunji, S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-5881-2445 , Hayashida, K, Heyl, J ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-9739-367X , Iwakiri, W ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0207-9010 , Karas, V ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-5760-0459 , Kislat, F ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-7477-0380 , Kitaguchi, T, Kolodziejczak, JJ ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0110-6136 , Krawczynski, H ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-1084-6507 , La Monaca, F ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-8916-4156 , Latronico, L ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0984-1856 , Maldera, S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0698-4421 , Manfreda, A ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0998-4953 , Marin, F ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-4952-0835 , Marinucci, A ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-2055-4946 , Massaro, F ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-1704-9850 , Matt, G ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-2152-0916 , Mitsuishi, I, Muleri, F ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-3331-3794 , Negro, M ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-6548-5622 , Ng, C-Y ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-5847-2612 , O’Dell, SL ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-1868-8056 , Omodei, N ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-5448-7577 , Oppedisano, C ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6194-4601 , Papitto, A ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6289-7413 , Pavlov, GG ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-7481-5259 , Peirson, AL ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6292-1911 , Pesce-Rollins, M ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-1790-8018 , Petrucci, P-O ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6061-3480 , Pilia, M ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-7397-8091 , Possenti, A ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-5902-3731 , Ramsey, BD ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-1548-1524 , Rankin, J ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-9774-0560 , Ratheesh, A ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-0411-4243 , Roberts, OJ ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-7150-9061 , Romani, RW ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-6711-3286 , Sgró, C ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-5676-6214 , Slane, P ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-6986-6756 , Soffitta, P ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-7781-4104 , Spandre, G ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-0802-3453 , Swartz, DA ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-2954-4461 , Tamagawa, T ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-8801-6263 , Tavecchio, F ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-0256-0995 , Taverna, R ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-1768-618X , Tawara, Y, Tennant, AF ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-9443-6774 , Thomas, NE ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-0411-4606 , Tombesi, F ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-6562-8654 , Trois, A ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-3180-6002 , Tsygankov, SS ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-9679-0793 , Turolla, R ORCID logoorcid:0000-0003-3977-8760 , Vink, J ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-4708-4219 , Weisskopf, MC ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-5270-4240 , Wu, K ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-7568-8765 , Xie, F ORCID logoorcid:0000-0002-0105-5826 and Zane, S ORCID logoorcid:0000-0001-5326-880X (2025) A Two-week IXPE Monitoring Campaign on Mrk 421. The Astrophysical Journal, 986 (2). ISSN 0004-637X
DOI:	10.3847/1538-4357/adce6b
Availability:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/26673/; https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/26673/1/A%20Two%20week%20IXPE%20Monitoring%20Campaign%20on%20Mrk%20421.pdf; https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adce6b
Rights:	cc_by
Accession Number:	edsbas.F3E1376C
Database:	BASE