| Contributors: |
Wiviott, S; Raz, I; Bonaca, M; Mosenzon, O; Kato, E; Cahn, A; Silverman, M; Zelniker, T; Kuder, J; Murphy, S; Bhatt, D; Leiter, L; Mcguire, D; Wilding, J; Ruff, C; Nilsson, G; Fredriksson, M; Johansson, P; Langkilde, A; Sabatine, M; Bansilal, S; Furtado, R; Fish, M; Gabovitch, D; Jevne, A; Ahern, S; Im, K; Goodrich, E; Lowe, C; Fisher, N; Gannon, J; Trindade, S; Towarowski, A; Fox, Y; Johnsson, E; Ranft, S; Faber, B; Wallander, M; Weiss, A; Buskila, A; Abola, M; Ardissino, D; Averkov, O; Aylward, P; Bode, C; Bonnici, F; Bonora, E; Budaj, A; Cernea, S; Chiang, C; Cooper, M; Dalby, A; Deerochanawong, C; Dellborg, M; Diaz, R; Dimulescu, D; Eliaschewitz, F; Goudev, A; Hadjadj, S; Herrera, M; Huo, Y; Jermendy, G; Ji, L; Kadowaki, T; Kiss, R; Kooy, A; Kumar, K; Lewis, B; Litwak, L; Lopez-Sendon, J; Ma, R; Merlini, P; Nauck, M; Nguyen, T; Nicolau, J; Ostgren, C; Ophuis, T; Padilla, F; Pais, P; Park, K; Parkhomenko, A; Ray, K; Rosenstock, J; Ruda, M; Satman, I; Shestakova, M; Smahelova, A; Spinar, J; Strojek, K; Sy, R; Tankova, T; Theroux, P; Tkac, I; Van Gaal, L; Wainstein, J; Harrington, R; Droller, M; Lee, K; Nesto, R; Tuomilehto, J |
| Description: |
BACKGROUND The cardiovascular safety profile of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 that promotes glucosuria in patients with type 2 diabetes, is undefined. METHODS We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes who had or were at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease to receive either dapagliflozin or placebo. The primary safety outcome was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke. The primary efficacy outcomes were MACE and a composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure. Secondary efficacy outcomes were a renal composite (≥40% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate to ≥60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area, new end-stage renal disease, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes) and death from any cause. RESULTS We evaluated 17,160 patients, including 10,186 without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, who were followed for a median of 4.2 years. In the primary safety outcome analysis, dapagliflozin met the prespecified criterion for noninferiority to placebo with respect to MACE (upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval [CI], ≥1.3; P≥0.001 for noninferiority). In the two primary efficacy analyses, dapagliflozin did not result in a lower rate of MACE (8.8% in the dapagliflozin group and 9.4% in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.03; P = 0.17) but did result in a lower rate of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure (4.9% vs. 5.8%; hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005), which reflected a lower rate of hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.88); there was no between-group difference in cardiovascular death (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.17). A renal event occurred in 4.3% in the dapagliflozin group and in 5.6% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.87), and death from any cause occurred in 6.2% and ... |