A prayer for the government

After the fall of the Russian Empire, Jewish and Ukrainian activists worked to overcome previous mutual antagonism by creating a Ministry of Jewish Affairs within the new Ukrainian state, and taking other measures to satisfy the national aspirations of Jews and other non-Ukrainians. This experiement ended in failure as anarchic violence swept the countryside amidst civil war and foreign intervention. Pogrombist attacks resulted in the worst massacres of Jews in Europe for almost 300 years. Some 40 per cent of these pogroms were perpetrated by troops ostensibly loyal to the very government that was simultaneously extending unprecedented civil rights to the Jewish population.