The fascism reader

• Introduction: fascism in historiography

• Part 1
• Generic fascism: the search for definitions and explanations

• Section 1
• Fascism - a 'generic' concept?

• 1
• Generic fascism: an 'illusion'?

• 2
• Fascism and the capitalist system: a Marxist view

• 3
• Fascism as 'latecomer': an ideal type with negations

• 4
• A 'spectral-syncretic' approach to fascism

• 5
• Fascism as a 'generic' concept

• 6
• Fascism and its evolution 'in time': five stages

• Section 2
• What produces fascism?

• 7
• An interwar Marxist analysis of fascism: Togliatti and Italian Communism

• 8
• Fascism as 'extremism of the middle class'

• 9
• The collapse of the 'bourgeois equilibrium' of the 1920s and the rise of fascism

• 10
• Fascism as the product of 'crisis'

• 11
• Pre-condition for fascism's success

• Part 2
• Fascist movements: ideology and variations

• Section 3
• Fascist ideology - the quest for the 'fascist minimum'

• 12
• The 'era of fascism' and the uniqueness of fascist ideology

• 13
• Five main tenets of fascist ideology

• 14
• Fascist ideology: a dissident revision of Marxism?

• 15
• Fascism: 'rebirth' and 'ultra-nationalism'

• 16
• The ideal type of fascism: a 'retrodictive theory'

• Section 4
• Varieties of fascist movements

• 17
• Romania: the 'Iron Guard'

• 18
• Hungary: Horthy, Gombos and the 'Arrow Cross'

• 19
• Austria: 'Heimwehr', 'NSDAP' and the 'Christian Social' State

• 20
• Spain: the 'Falange'

• 21
• France: the 'second wave' of fascism in the 1930s

• 22
• Britain: the 'British Union of Fascists'

• Part 3
• The 'regime-model' of fascism

• Section 5
• Techniques of fascist rule - the exercise of power by the 'regime-model' of fascism

• 23
• 'Totalitarian dictatorship' and fascism

• 24
• 'Behmouth': Nazism as 'stateless' system

• 25
• Nazi state and neo-feudalism

• 26
• Devices of the 'fascist consensus': party and mass organisations in fascist Italy

• 27
• Coercion and terror: the Gestapo in the Nazi system

• 28
• Charismatic leadership: the 'cult' of

• 29
• Fascist regime and territorial expansion: Italy and Germany

• 30
• Salazar's Estudo Novo: the nature of a 'para-fascist' regime

• Section 6
• Fascism and anti-Semitism

• 31
• German anti-Semitic tradition, National Socialist regime and 'ordinary Germans'

• 32
• The 'uniqueness' of Nazi racialism

• 33
• Partners in genocide? Anti-Semitism and the Axis alliance

• 34
• Racism, fascism and nationalism

• 35
• Italian Fascism and racism

• 36
• Anti-Semitism in

• Part 4
• Societal attitudes to fascism: support, conformity, opposition and resistance

• Section 7
• Society and attitudes to fascism - support, conformity and resistance

• 37
• Italian Fascism as a 'generational phenomenon

• 38
• Fascism and working class: workers under Italian

• 39
• Fascism and the crisis of modernity: NSDAP members and supporters

• 40
• Fascism and gender: women under national socialism

• 41
• Vichy France: resistance and collaboration in the Nazi New Order

• 42
• Spain in the 1930s: a divided society and the coming of the civil war

• Section 8
• Fascism and social elites - complicity and a