Illegal annexation and state continuity

• Preface
• p. vii

• Table of Contents
• p. xi

• Abbreviations
• p. xix

• Acknowledgements
• p. xxiii

• Introduction
• p. xxv

• Part I.
• Ex injuria ius non oritur
• p. 1

• Chapter 1.
• Illegal Annexation, State Continuity and Identity: Concepts and Controversies
• p. 3

• 1.
• The Changing Status of Statehood in Contemporary International Law and Society: A Starting Point for the Analysis
• p. 3

• 2.
• Reestablished States in the Practice of International Relations: Historical Perspective
• p. 5

• 3.
• State Continuity, Identity and Extinction in International Law Doctrine
• p. 10

• 4.
• Issues Raised by World War II Annexation Cases in the Legal Doctrine
• p. 16

• (a)
• Does State Identity per Definition Imply State Continuity?
• p. 18

• (b)
• What are the Normative Consequences of State Identity?
• p. 23

• (c)
• The Basis in International Law for State Identity in World War II Annexation Cases
• p. 24

• (i)
• Occupatio quasi bellica and other auxiliary theories
• p. 24

• (ii)
• Illegality of the Annexation due to the Use of Force
• p. 25

• (iii)
• The Relevance of the People in Determining the Illegality and the Continuity of Statehood
• p. 33

• 5.
• Implications of the Illegality of Annexation For State Personality
• p. 38

• Chapter 2.
• The Legal Status of the Baltic States in International Law after 1991: Claims and Responses
• p. 45

• 1.
• The Baltic Thesis
• p. 45

• (a)
• Republic of Estonia
• p. 47

• (b)
• Republic of Latvia
• p. 49

• (c)
• Republic of Lithuania
• p. 50

• 2.
• Responses to the Baltic Continuity Thesis in the Practice of International Community
• p. 52

• (a)
• Restoration of Diplomatic Relations with Western Countries in 1991
• p. 52

• (b)
• Subsequent Treaty Practice: Multilateral Treaties
• p. 54

• (c)
• Practice Related to Bilateral Treaties
• p. 57

• (d)
• Other Consequences of State Identity in Relations with Western States
• p. 60

• (e)
• Practice as Related to the Membership in International Organisations
• p. 62

• (f)
• The Continuity Thesis of the Baltic States and the Russian Federation
• p. 64

• 3.
• The Legal Status of the Baltic States: Views in the Legal Literature
• p. 73

• Chapter 3.
• The Baltic States Between 1940 and 1991: Illegality and/or Prescription
• p. 79

• 1.
• Introduction
• p. 79

• 2.
• The Illegality of the Soviet Annexation
• p. 80

• (a)
• Soviet Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States in 1940: Facts
• p. 80

• (b)
• Soviet Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States: Applicable Law
• p. 87

• (c)
• Legal Evaluation of the Soviet Policy against the Baltic States in 1939/1940
• p. 94

• (d)
• The Illegality of Annexation in International Law: the Soviet Views
• p. 105

• (e)
• Illegality of the Soviet Annexation: General Conclusions
• p. 108

• 3.
• Prescription and the Soviet Rule in the Illegally Annexed Baltic States
• p. 108

• (a)
• The Concept of Prescription in International Law
• p. 108

• (i)
• The Time Factor as an Objective Element in Prescription Analysis?
• p. 110

• (ii)
• Criteria for Prescription Analysis
• p. 112

• (b)
• Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation of the Baltic States: Law and Politics
• p. 114

• (i)
• Non-Recognition in History
• p. 114

• (ii)
• The Stimson Doctrine
• p. 115

• (iii)
• Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation in the Baltic Case
• p. 117

• (iv)
• The Legal Duty of the Non-Recognition of Illegal Annexations since 1970
• p. 122

• (v)
• The Helsinki Final Act: A Western Recognition of the de facto Situation?
• p. 123

• (vi)
• The Legal Relevance of Inconsistencies and Controversial Aspects of the Non-Recognition Policy in the Baltic Case
• p. 125

• (vii)
• Non-Recognition and Prescription in the Baltic Case: Conclusions
• p. 135

• (viii)
• The Status of the Baltic Soviet Socialist Republics from the Viewpoint of International Law
• p. 136

• (c)
• Survival of State Organs of the Baltic Republics in Exile
• p. 141

• (i)
• The Functioning of the Baltic Legations in 1940-1991
• p. 142

• (ii)
• A Particular Estonian Development: the Estonian Government(s)-in-Exile
• p. 149

• (iii)
• The Baltic Legations and Estonian Government-in-Exile: Evaluation from the Point of View of State Continuity and Prescription
• p. 154

• (d)
• The Baltic Peoples and Prescription
• p. 156

• 4.
• Prescription? Conclusions
• p. 164

• Chapter 4.
• The 'Occupation' of the Baltic States (1940-1991)?
• p. 167

• 1.
• The Baltic Thesis of the Soviet Occupation (1940-1941, 1944-1991)
• p. 167

• 2.
• The Reception of the Baltic Thesis of the Soviet Occupation
• p. 168

• 3.
• The Development of the Concept of 'Occupation' in International Law
• p. 171

• (a)
• Were/Are the 1907 Hague Rules Applicable Beyond the 'War'?
• p. 174

• (b)
• Occupation Versus Annexation
• p. 177

• (c)
• The Main Requirements of the 1907 Hague Regulations for the Occupying Power and Practice in World War II
• p. 184

• 4.
• An Evaluation of the Baltic Case: Fiction and Reality in Occupation Theory
• p. 186

• (a)
• The Soviet Union and the Hague Regulations
• p. 186

• (b)
• Which Rules of Occupation Were Legally Applicable in the Case of the Baltic States?
• p. 189

• (c)
• Conclusions: International Legal Rules Binding the USSR during its Occupation (Illegal Annexation) of the Baltic States
• p. 191

• 5.
• Conclusion: the Baltic States 1940-1991, Continuity or Extinction?
• p. 196

• Part II.
• Ex factis oritur ius
• p. 205

• 1
• Introduction
• p. 207

• Chapter 5.
• Controversial Claims for the Restoration of Legal Rights in the Baltic Case
• p. 209

• 1.
• The Prevailing Understanding of' State Continuity' in Legal Doctrine
• p. 209

• 2.
• Special Circumstances of the Baltic Case
• p. 213

• 3.
• The Controversy about the Principle of Continuity of Citizenship and the Political Rights of the Soviet Settlers
• p. 216

• (a)
• Introduction
• p. 216

• (b)
• The Migration Policies of the Soviet Authorities
• p. 217

• (c)
• The Citizens' Congresses in Estonia and Latvia in 1990
• p. 221

• (d)
• Baltic Debates about the Political Rights of the Russian Speaking Settlers in the Early 1990s
• p. 223

• (e)
• Baltic Nationality and Naturalization Laws
• p. 225

• (i)
• Estonia
• p. 225

• (ii)
• Latvia
• p. 226

• (iii)
• Lithuania
• p. 227

• (f)
• The Acceptance of the Continuity of Nationality Principle in the Estonian and Latvian Citizenship Laws by the International Community
• p. 228

• (g)
• Conclusion: No 'Unrestricted' Restoration of Nationality in the Baltic Case
• p. 234

• 4.
• Changes with Respect to State Territories: The Border Disputes since the Restoration of the Independence of the Baltic States
• p. 236

• (a)
• Estonia
• p. 237

• (i)
• The Unilateral 'Corrections' of the State Border by the USSR
• p. 237

• (ii)
• The Estonian-Russian Border Negotiations since 1991
• p. 240

• (b)
• Latvia
• p. 244

• (i)
• Unilateral Changes of the State Border by the USSR
• p. 244

• (ii)
• The Latvian-Russian Border Dispute since 1991
• p. 245

• (c)
• The Boundaries of Lithuania
• p. 246

• (d)
• The Border Debate: Legal Issues
• p. 248

• (e)
• The Border Debate: Conclusions
• p. 250

• 5.
• The Issue of State Responsibility for the Injuries Caused During the Illegal Soviet Annexation
• p. 251

• (a)
• Introduction
• p. 251

• (b)
• Main Principles of the Law of State Responsibility
• p. 253

• (c)
• On the Conditions of State Responsibility in the Case of the Baltic States: the Issue of Attributability (the International Legal Status of Today's Russia)
• p. 254

• (d)
• The Reparations Issue after the Reestablishment of the Baltic Independence
• p. 258

• (e)
• The Reparations Issue: Conclusions
• p. 262

• 6.
• General Conclusion from Practice: the Discrepancy between Status and Rights
• p. 263

• Chapter 6.
• State Continuity in the Cases of Prolonged Illegal Annexation: Status and/or Rights?
• p. 265

• 1.
• Introduction
• p. 265

• 2.
• Realist Critiques of International Law
• p. 266

• 3.
• New Haven Approach and New Stream: Politics of International Law
• p. 278

• 4.
• Doctrinal Proposal: Status Goes Beyond Legal Rights and Duties
• p. 281

• 5.
• The Domestic Analogy of the Restoration in the Baltic States: No restitutio ad integrum
• p. 286

• 6.
• Conclusions
• p. 289

• Part III.
• Between Normativity and Power: the Implications of the Baltic Case for International Law
• p. 291

• Chapter 7.
• The Baltic Case and Lessons from Other Cases
• p. 293

• 1.
• Introduction
• p. 293

• 2.
• Illegal Annexation and State Continuity
• p. 294

• (a)
• The Annexation of East Timor and the Uncertainties of Non-Recognition in State Practice
• p. 295

• (b)
• State Continuity as a Necessary Consequence of the Illegality of the Annexation
• p. 299

• (c)
• Other Relevant Factors beside Illegality? The Precedental Effects
• p. 302

• (i)
• Georgia 1921-1991: a Non-Recognized Claim of State Continuity
• p. 305

• (ii)
• The Status of the Non-Recognized State Continuity Claims
• p. 309

• (iii)
• A Case Beyond the Baltic Precedent: Chechnya
• p. 312

• 3.
• Departures from the Effectiveness Principle and the Fear of Unfulfilled Fictions
• p. 314

• (a)
• Legality and Effectiveness in Tibet
• p. 319

• 4.
• Concluding Observations
• p. 324

• Appendices 1, 2, 3, 4
• p. 229

• Bibliography
• p. 341

• Index
• p. 371