Similarity and symbols in human thinking

• 1
• Similarity as an explanatory construct

• 1
• Introduction

• 2
• Four views of similarity

• 2.1
• Strong similarity

• 2.2
• Weak similarity

• 2.3
• Feeble similarity

• 2.4
• No-similarity

• 3
• Rules as an alternative to similarity

• 4
• The systems as computational devices

• 5
• Review of the data

• 5.1
• Reasoning

• 5.2
• Categorization

• 5.3
• Metaphor and analogy

• 5.4
• Decision-making

• 5.5
• Similarity judgments

• 6
• Conclusion

• Acknowledgements

• References

• 2
• Two dogmas of conceptual empiricism: implications for hybrid models of the structure of knowledge

• 1
• Introduction

• 2
• Do similarity and explanation account for separate aspects of concepts?

• 3
• Natural kinds: the necessity of the hybrid

• 4
• Dogma 1--New categories are initially similarity-based: only with time do we come to apply rules a...

• 5
• Dogma 2--Children initially rely on associations and only later begin to use theories to constrain...

• 6
• Mistakenly interpreting developmental trends as evidence for Dogma 2

• 7
• Causal potency of properties: an initial study

• 8
• Method

• 8.1
• Participants

• 8.2
• Materials and procedure

• 8.3
• Results

• 9
• Discussion

• 10
• Differential knowledge of local causal mechanisms

• 11
• Dogma 2: summary

• 12
• The unnecessary commitments of empiricism

• Acknowledgements

• References

• 3
• Similarity-based categorization and fuzziness of natural categories

• 1
• Introduction

• 1.1
• Rips' studies

• 2
• Analysis

• 2.1
• Inter-category differences in threshold

• 2.2
• Accounting for residual variance

• 3
• Experiment

• 3.1
• Method

• 3.1.1
• Participants

• 3.2
• Procedure

• 3.2.1
• Familiarity

• 3.2.2
• Categorization

• 3.2.3
• Other things

• 4
• Results

• 4.1
• Between category differences

• 5
• Discussion

• 5.1
• Theories and prototypes

• 5.2
• A pragmatic account on non-monotonicity

• Acknowledgements

• References

• Appendix A

• 4
• Alternative strategies of categorization

• 1
• Introduction

• 2
• Rule application and exemplar similarity

• 2.1
• The general distinction

• 2.2
• Component distinctions

• 3
• Cognitive studies of rule application vs. exemplar similarity

• 3.1
• Studies with artificial categories

• 3.1.1
• Demonstrating and characterizing the basic mechanisms

• 3.1.2
• Triggering conditions

• 3.1.3
• Other dissociations between rule and memory procedures

• 3.1.4
• Implications of findings

• 3.2
• Studies with natural categories

• 3.2.1
• Studies demonstrating the two categorization mechanisms

• 3.2.2
• Implications of the findings

• 4
• Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies of rule application vs. exemplar similarity

• 4.1
• Neuropsychological evidence for qualitatively different procedures

• 4.2
• Neuroimaging evidence for qualitatively different procedures

• 4.2.1
• Rationale for the experiment

• 4.2.2
• Procedure

• 4.2.3
• Results

• 5
• Summary and other issues

• 5.1
• Summary

• 5.2
• Other issues

• Acknowledgements

• References

• 5
• Similarity and rules: distinct? exhaustive? empirically distinguishable?

• Abstract

• 1
• Introduction

• 2
• Rules and similarity: the problem

• 3
• Rules versus similarity: an explication

• 3.1
• Why representations matter

• 3.2
• Exploring representation matching: are rules and similarity exhaustive?

• 3.2.1
• Partial matching and no abstraction: relation to similarity

• 3.2.2
• Strict matching with abstraction: relation to rules

• 3.2.3
• Partial matching to an abstraction

• 3.3
• What the distinction is not

• 3.3.1
• Types of computational architecture

• 3.3.1.1
• Serial versus parallel.

• 3.3.1.2
• Symbolic versus connectionist.

• 3.3.2
• Structured versus non-structured representations

• 3.3.3
• Abstract versus concrete representations

• 3.3.4
• Rigidity and gradedness of classification

• 3.3.5
• Deductive versus non-deductive reasoning

• 3.4
• Summary

• 4
• Re-evaluating the empirical evidence

• 4.1
• Experimental criteria

• 4.1.1
• Effects of instances

• 4.1.1.1
• Old-new recognition.

• 4.1.1.2
• Manipulations of the instance-space.

• 4.1.1.3
• Summary.

• 4.1.2
• Effects of rules

• 4.1.2.4
• Rule priming.

• 4.1.2.5
• Rule complexity.

• 4.1.2.6
• Verbal protocols.

• 4.1.2.7
• Summary.

• 4.1.3
• Patterns of generalization

• 4.1.3.8
• Extrapolation.

• 4.1.3.9
• Transfer.

• 4.1.3.10
• Reversal.

• 4.1.3.11
• Summary.

• 4.1.4
• Error and patterns of breakdown

• 4.1.4.12
• Memory failure.

• 4.1.4.13
• Neuropsychology.

• 4.1.4.14
• Over-regularization.

• 4.1.4.15
• Summary.

• 4.1.5
• The strength of experimental evidence

• 4.2
• Computational criteria

• 4.2.1
• Are theories possible?

• 4.2.2
• The power of similarity-based reasoning

• 4.2.3
• Knowledge revision

• 5
• Conclusions: integrating rules and similarity

• Acknowledgements

• References

• 6
• Reuniting perception and conception

• Abstract

• 1
• Introduction

• 1.1
• The allure of the perception/conception distinction

• 2
• Reuniting perception and conception

• 2.1
• The eliminative view

• 2.2
• The agnostic view

• 3
• The many roles of perception in conception

• 3.1
• Freeloading with analogical systems

• 3.2
• The primitive appeal of overall similarity

• 3.3
• Learned perceptual similarities

• 3.4
• Abstractions from perception

• 3.5
• Perceptual simulation in conceptual tasks

• 3.6
• Parallels between perceptual and conceptual processing

• 3.6.1
• Selectivity

• 3.6.2
• Blurring and filtering

• 3.6.3
• Structure and binding

• 3.6.4
• Differentiation, subcategories and dimensions

• 3.6.5
• Cross-modal matching

• 3.6.6
• Productivity

• 3.6.7
• Summary

• 4
• Remaining issues

• 4.1
• The perceptual/conceptual distinction

• 4.2
• The perceptual/abstract distinction

• 4.3
• Concluding remarks

• Acknowledgements

• References

• 7
• Similarity and the development of rules

• Abstract

• 1
• Introduction

• 1.1
• A note on terminology

• 2
• Structure-mapping

• 3
• The career of similarity in development

• 4
• Learning

• 4.1
• Highlighting common systems

• 4.2
• Symbolic juxtaposition

• 4.3
• Comparison and re-representation

• 4.4
• Comparison and category abstraction

• 4.5
• Comparison and inference projection

• 5
• Comparison as a mechanism for the application and extension of knowledge

• 6
• Inductive inference

• 6.1
• Symbolic juxtaposition in inductive inference

• 6.2
• Analogical inference projection

• 6.3
• Induction in adults: weak methods versus strong methods

• 7
• The problem of selection of prior instances: why experiential learning is not sufficient

• 8
• Summary and discussion

• 9
• Arguments against similarity

• 10
• Separate systems for similarity and rules?

• 11
• Implications for cognitive development: is onward always upward?

• 11.1
• The role of language

• 11.2
• Conclusions

• Acknowledgements

• References

• Index