The Holocaust

• Preface
• p. xv

• Introduction
• p. 1

• 1
• Jewish History: Ancient Beginnings and the Evolution of Christian Anti-Judaic Prejudice Through the Reformation
• p. 5

• Jewish Beginnings

• The Jews, Hellenism, and the Maccabean (Hasmonean) Rebellion

• Roots of Anti-Jewish Sentiment: The Jewish-Greek Conflict

• Judaism, Jews, and the Coming of Christianity

• The Jewish War and the Great Revolt (66-70 C.E.)

• Judaism, Christianity, and the Bar Kochba Rebellion

• Constantine, Christianity, and the Jews

• Jews in the Last Century of the Western Roman Empire

• Jews in Early Medieval Europe and the Byzantine Empire

• The Crusades and the Jews of the Mediterranean World

• Pope Innocent III and the Jews

• Medieval Usury: Christians and Jews

• The Myth of Ritual Murder

• The Deadly Centuries: The Jews at the End of the Middle Ages

• The Expulsion of the Jews from Western Europe

• The Black Death

• The Final Humiliation: Expulsion from Spain and Portugal

• The Protestant Reformation

• The Roman Catholic Church, the Jews, and the Counter Reformation

• Conclusion

• Sources for Further Study and Research

• 2
• Jews, the Enlightenment, Emancipation, and the Rise of Racial Anti-Semitism Through the Early Twentieth Century
• p. 41

• The Jews in Post-Reformation Europe

• The Enlightenment

• The French Revolutions of 1789-1799, Napoleon I, and the Jews

• The Jews in Post-Napoleonic Europe

• The Intellectual and Nationalistic Origins of Anti-Semitism in the Nineteenth Century

• Political Anti-Semitism in Germany, Austria, France, and Russia Prior to World War I

• The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

• Conclusion

• Sources for Further Study and Research

• 3
• The World of Adolf Hitler, 1889-1933: War, Politics, and Anti-Semitism
• p. 79

• Adolf Hitler: Family Roots and Questions of Jewish Ancestry

• Hitler's Early Life

• Hitler's Vienna Years

• Hitler, Munich, and German Anti-Semitism

• Hitler and World War I

• Hitler, Versailles, and the Early Weimar Republic

• Hitler, the Early Nazi Party, and Anti-Semitism

• Conclusion

• Sources for Further Study and Research

• 4
• The Nazis in Power, 1933-1939: Eugenics, Race, and Biology; Jews, the Handicapped, and the Roma
• p. 105

• Germany's Interwar Jewish Community

• The Nazification of Germany and the "Jewish Question": 1933-1935

• The Nuremberg Laws

• The Nazi Aryan Olympics (1936)

• Aryanization and the Road to Kristallnacht

• The Early Campaign of Forced Sterilization

• Euthanasia: Theory and Nazi Practice

• The Roma (Gypsies)

• Homosexuals, or Gays

• Conclusion

• Sources for Further Study and Research

• 5
• Nazi Germany at War, 1939-1941: "Euthanasia" and the Handicapped; Ghettos and Jews
• p. 149

• Children's "Euthanasia" Program

• Adult "Euthanasia" Program

• The Road to War and the German Invasion of Poland

• Racial War in Poland: Polish Christians

• The Creation of the General Government: Nazi Germany's "Racial Laboratory"

• The Jews in Interwar Poland

• The War Against the Jews in Poland

• The Physical and Economic Exploitation of the Jews in the General Government

• The Nisko Plan, the Lublin Reservation, and Madagascar

• The Madagascar Plan

• The Creation of the Ghettos in German-Occupied Poland

• Lodz (Litzmannstadt): Jews and Roma

• Warsaw

• Krakow (Cracow)

• Rule, Life, and Work in the Krakow Ghetto

• Forced Labor and Food

• Conclusion

• Sources for Further Study and Research

• 6
• The Invasion of the Soviet Union and the Path to the "Final Solution"
• p. 191

• Jews in Soviet-Conquered Territory

• Zwartendijk and Sugihara: Righteous Gentiles in Vilnius

• Operation Barbarossa and Plans for Mass Murder

• The Einsatzgruppen

• The Wehrmacht

• The German Invasion of the Soviet Union

• Early German Killing Operations in the Soviet Union

• Collaboration in Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine

• Hungarian and Romanian Collaboration

• The Roma and the Handicapped

• Conclusion

• Sources for Further Study and Research

• 7
• The "Final Solution," 1941-1944: Death Camps and Experiments with Mass Murder
• p. 225

• Planning for the Final Solution

• The Transfers from the Greater Reich

• Theresienstadt

• Experiments with the Machinery of Death

• The Wannsee Conference

• The Final Solution

• Chelmno

• The Aktion Reinhard Death Camps: Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka

• Auschwitz

• The Factory of Death: Auschwitz II-Birkenau

• The Gypsy Family Camp

• Medical Experiments in Auschwitz I and II

• Auschwitz III-Buna/Monowitz

• Resistance in Auschwitz

• Majdanek

• Liquidation of the Major Ghettos

• Conclusion

• Sources for Further Study and Research

• 8
• The Final Solution in Western Europe and the Nazi-Allied States
• p. 283

• The Holocaust in Western Europe

• Belgium and Luxembourg

• Denmark

• France

• Greece

• The Netherlands

• Norway

• The Nazi-Allied States

• Bulgaria

• Finland

• Hungary

• Italy

• Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia and Slovakia

• The Roma in the Protectorate

• Slovakia

• The Roma

• Romania

• The Roma

• Yugoslavia (Croatia and Serbia)

• The NDH (Croatia)

• Serbia

• Conclusion

• Sources for Further Study and Research

• 9
• The Holocaust and the Role of Europe's Neutrals: Then and Now
• p. 339

• Europe's Neutrals

• Portugal

• Spain

• Sweden

• Switzerland

• Turkey

• The Vatican

• Conclusion

• Sources for Further Study and Research

• 10
• Liberation, DPs, and the Search for Justice: War Crimes Investigations and Trials in Europe, the United States, and Israel
• p. 383

• Liberation of the Camps

• Displaced Persons: Jews and Roma

• The Trials of the Major War Criminals

• The Federal Republic of Germany

• War Crimes Investigations and Trials in Western Europe

• War Crimes Trials in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union

• Conclusion

• Sources for Further Study and Research

• Glossary
• p. 443

• Appendix A
• Estimates of Jewish Deaths During the Holocaust
• p. 447

• Appendix B
• Estimates of Roma Deaths During the Holocaust
• p. 449

• Appendix C
• Yad Vashem: Righteous Among the Nations
• p. 451

• Appendix D
• SS Ranks
• p. 453

• Appendix E
• German Army Ranks
• p. 455

• Notes
• p. 457

• Index
• p. 490