The judiciary in Central and Eastern Europe

• Acknowledgments
• p. xiii

• Introduction
• p. xv

• I
• Searching for the Continuity in Legal Thinking of Post-Communist Europe
• p. xv

• II
• Roadmap of the Book
• p. xviii

• Chapter 1
• The Origins of Central European Legal Culture

• I
• The Austrian Legal Tradition
• p. 1

• II
• The Central European Legal Systems in the Aftermath of World War I
• p. 4

• II.1
• Hungarian Law
• p. 4

• 11.2
• Polish Law
• p. 6

• 11.3
• Czechoslovak Law
• p. 7

• III
• The Status of Judges and its Problems
• p. 9

• IV
• Legal Professions in Central Europe Prior to Communism
• p. 14

• V
• The Experience of World War II
• p. 17

• Chapter 2
• Socialist Legal Culture in entral Europe: An Introduction

• I
• The Success of Stalinization
• p. 21

• II
• The Political Trials of the 1950s
• p. 26

• III
• From the 1960s through the 1980s
• p. 28

• IV
• The Transformation of the Legal System
• p. 31

• IV.1
• Towards Law Comprehensible to All
• p. 31

• IV.2
• The Inclusion of Laymen
• p. 34

• IV.3
• Restricting the Competence of the Courts and the Proliferation of Decrees
• p. 36

• IV.4
• Leaving the Continental Tradition
• p. 40

• IV.5
• The Prosecutor: The Main Guardian of Socialist Legality
• p. 43

• V
• Law and Everyday Life
• p. 45

• VI
• Law Students during Socialism
• p. 49

• VII
• The Legal and Social Status of Lawyers and Judges in Particular
• p. 52

• VIII
• Assessing Judicial Independence
• p. 57

• IX
• Conclusions: Central European Legal Culture on the Eve of 1989
• p. 62

• Chapter 3
• From Stalinist Anti-Formalism to Socialist Textual Positivism Central European Judical Methodology During the Cold War

• I
• Ideologies of Judicial Decision-Making
• p. 67

• I.1
• The Ideologies of Bound and Free Judicial Decision-Making in Comparison
• p. 69

• 1.2
• Formalism and Anti-Formalism in Judicial Reasoning
• p. 74

• I.3
• The Decline of Formalism and Bound Fudicial Decision-Making in Western Law
• p. 77

• I.4
• Western European Fudicial Practice
• p. 86

• II
• The Socialist Judge in the 1950s: A Builder of Communism
• p. 88

• II.1
• The Soviet Idea of Law
• p. 88

• 11.1.1
• Antecedents: Anti-Positivism

• 11.1.2
• Towards Stalinist Law: A New Concept of Law and Its Inner Contradiction

• 11.1.3
• The Origins of Stalinist Judicial Activism

• 11.2
• The Aftermath of the Communist Takeover and the Beginnings of the Transformation of Fudicial Rhetoric
• p. 98

• 11.2.1
• Stalinist Decentralized Constitutional Review: A Short-Lived Novelty

• 11.2.2
• Marxist Ideology in Adjudication

• 11.2.3
• Identification of Lawwith Morality?

• 11.2.4
• The Instrumental Concept of the Law

• 11.2.5
• Heavy Emphasis on Criminal Sanctions

• III
• The End of Stalinism and the New Socialist Textual Positivism
• p. 116

• 111.1
• Post-Stalinist Desiderata- Stability and Formality
• p. 116

• 111.2
• The Contradiction between Claimed Anti-Formalism and Practiced Ultra-Formalism
• p. 120

• 111.3
• Analyzing Czechoslovak Case Law of the 1970s and 1980s
• p. 124

• 111. 4
• Constructing the Concept of Limited Law
• p. 129

• III.4.1
• Legal Education

• III.4.2
• Socialist Scholarship

• III.4.3
• Static Interpretation of the Law

• III.4.4
• Western Law as Seen by Communist Lawyers

• III.4.5
• The Communist Countries Did Not Need Long-Lasting Codes but Ever-Changing Laws

• III.4.6
• Socialist Judicial Practice in Socialist Jurisprudence and Socialist Jurisprudence in Socialist Judicial Opinions

• IV
• Socialist Legal Injustice: Formalism versus Anti-Formalism Revisited
• p. 145

• V
• Art Attempt to Explain the Rationale of Socialist Ultra-Formalism
• p. 151

• Chapter 4
• Institutional Changes After The Collapse of Communism

• I
• The Replacement of Judges
• p. 364

• II
• Introducing the Actors
• p. 169

• II.1
• Professional Career Fudges Born from Infant Judges
• p. 169

• II.2
• Who Are Central European Constitutional Justices?
• p. 174

• III
• The Rise of Litigation
• p. 176

• IV
• The Independence of Judges after the Fall of Communism
• p. 178

• V
• Towards More Efficient Procedure
• p. 182

• Chapter 5
• Judicial Methodology in a POst-Communist World: Overcoming The Concept of Limited Law?

• I
• The Judicial Discourse on Formalism. The Institutional Background
• p. 191

• I.1
• Unpublished Case Law
• p. 191

• 1.2
• Constitutional and Ordinary Courts
• p. 192

• II
• Discourse between the Czech Constitutional Court and Ordinary Courts. The Ideology of the Bound Judicial Decision-Making Challenged
• p. 199

• II.1
• The Concept of 'Mechanical Jurisprudence': A Slow Transformation
• p. 199

• 11.2
• Limited Law and Limited Sources of Law
• p. 207

• II.2.1
• Listening to Legal Academia

• II.2.2
• The Issue of Precedent

• II.2.3
• The Czech Constitutional Court on the Binding Force of Precedents of Ordinary Courts

• III
• Textual Positivism: Public Critique and the Position of Legal Science
• p. 227

• IV
• The Issue of the Binding Force of Decisions of Constitutional Courts
• p. 232

• IV.1
• Case Study: 'The War of Courts' in Poland and the Czech Republic
• p. 236

• IV.2
• The Problem of Interpretation Consistent with the Constitution
• p. 240

• V
• Making New Constitutionalism Inclusive vis-à-vis the Ordinary Courts: The Problem of the 'Over-Centralization' of Centralized Judicial Review
• p. 244

• V.I
• Former Czechoslovakia: The Empires of Centralized Judicial Review
• p. 248

• V.2
• Poland: Activism of the Ordinary Judges and the Battle over Centralized Judicial Review
• p. 252

• V.3
• On Disobedient Judges: The Polish and Czech Situation Compared
• p. 258

• V.4
• Centralized versus Decentralized Constitutional Review Revisited
• p. 260

• VI
• Learning Abroad: Comparative Constitutionalism and Central European Constitutional Courts
• p. 263

• VII
• New European Judges
• p. 267

• VII.1
• The Application of EU Law prior to EU Enlargement
• p. 267

• VII.1.1
• Examples of Application

• VII.1.2
• Examples of Non-Application

• VII.2
• Central European Judges as New "European" Judges
• p. 274

• VII.2.1
• The Application of European Law: General Maxims

• VII.2.2
• Constitutional Courts

• VII.2.3
• Ordinary Courts I: Textual Positivism and European Law

• VII.2.4
• Textual Positivism and European Law: Case Scenario

• VII.2.5
• Ordinary Courts II: Two Different Conceptions of Law

• VII.3
• Reconsidering the Principle Iura novit curia- Authoritarian versus Authoritative Approach to Law
• p. 288

• Conclusions. Rethinking The Future of The Central European Judiciary
• p. 293

• Subject-Matter Index
• p. 297

• Index of Personal Names
• p. 309

• About the Author
• p. 313