Animals in Ritual and Economy in a Roman Frontier Community

• Preface

• I
• Introduction

• 1.1
• The excavations in Tiel-Passewaaij: a brief history and results

• 1.1.1
• History of the excavations in Tiel-Passewaaij

• 1.1.2
• Results of the excavations in Tiel-Passewaaij

• 1.1.2.1
• The settlement Oude Tielseweg

• 1.1.2.2
• The cemetery

• 1.1.2.3
• The settlement Passewaaijse Hogeweg

• 1.2
• Historical and geographical context of Tiel-Passewaaij

• 1.2.1
• The Batavians

• 1.2.2
• The Eastern Dutch River Area: a dynamic landscape

• 1.2.3
• Research area

• 1.3
• Previous zooarchaeological research of the Roman period in the Eastern Dutch River Area

• 1.3.1
• The consumption of horse meat

• 1.3.2
• Animals in rituals

• 1.3.3
• Urban-rural relationships

• 1.3.4
• Production of a surplus

• 1.3.5
• Withers height and the improvement of livestock

• 1.4
• Production and consumption in the Eastern Dutch River Area

• 1.4.1
• Consumption: the Roman army

• 1.4.2
• Consumption: markets, towns and temples

• 1.4.3
• Production: rural settlements

• 1.4.4
• Market systems and taxation

• 1.5
• The animal bone assemblage from Tiel-Passewaaij

• 1.5.1
• Possibilities

• 1.5.2
• Limitations

• 1.5.3
• Chronology

• 1.5.4
• The animal bones

• 1.6
• Methods of zooarchaeological research in Tiel-Passewaaij: recording

• 1.6.1
• Identification of animal bones

• 1.6.2
• Quantification

• 1.6.3
• Taphonomy

• 1.6.4
• Age at death

• 1.7
• Research questions

• 2
• Animals and the Economy of a Rural Community

• 2.1
• Introduction

• 2.1.1
• The animal bones

• 2.1.2
• Research questions

• 2.2
• Domestic mammals: cattle, sheep/goat, pig and horse

• 2.2.1
• Interpretation of mortality profiles

• 2.2.2
• Phase 1: Later Iron Age (450-175 BC)

• 2.2.3
• Phase 2: 60 BC-AD 50 (Passewaaijse Hogeweg) and AD 25-70 (Oude Tielseweg)

• 2.2.4
• Phase 3: AD 40-140 (Passewaaijse Hogeweg) and AD 70-120 (Oude Tielseweg)

• 2.2.5
• Phase 4: AD 140-220 (Passewaaijse Hogeweg) and AD 120-170 (Oude Tielseweg)

• 2.2.6
• Phase 5-6: AD 210-270

• 2.2.7
• Phase 7: AD 270-350

• 2.3
• Dog, chicken and wild animals

• 2.3.1
• Dog and chicken

• 2.3.2
• The contribution of wild animals to the economy

• 2.4
• Production of a surplus? Interaction with urban and military markets and the Roman administration

• 2.4.1
• Later Iron Age and early Roman period

• 2.4.2
• Wool production in the second half of the 1st century AD

• 2.4.3
• Cattle and arable agriculture, or the production of beef for a market?

• 2.4.4
• Horse breeding as a specialisation

• 2.4.5
• Stock improvement as an indicator for market-oriented production

• 2.4.6
• Pigs

• 2.4.7
• Livestock production for ceremonial needs

• 2.4.8
• Differential development of the rural economy in Oude Tielseweg and Passewaaijse Hogeweg

• 2.5
• Conclusion

• 3
• Animals and Ritual Within a Rural Settlement

• 3.1
• The nature of ritual

• 3.1.1
• Division between ritual and non-ritual

• 3.1.2
• Definitions of ritual

• 3.1.3
• Characteristics of ritual

• 3.1.4
• Function of ritual

• 3.1.5
• The concept of sacrifice

• 3.1.6
• Feasting: types and functions

• 3.2
• Ritual in archaeology

• 3.2.1
• Recognising ritual behaviour in archaeology

• 3.2.2
• Feasting

• 3.2.3
• Ritual and economy intertwined

• 3.2.4
• Previous and current research into ritual in archaeology

• 3.2.5
• Criteria for identifying ritual animal deposits

• 3.3
• The special animal deposits from Passewaaijse Hogeweg

• 3.3.1
• Introduction and research questions

• 3.3.2
• Criteria suitable for Passewaaijse Hogeweg

• 3.3.3
• The special animal deposits

• 3.3.4
• Skull deposits

• 3.3.5
• Complete or nearly complete skeletons

• 3.3.6
• Articulated limbs

• 3.3.7
• Combination deposits

• 3.3.8
• Concentrations of disarticulated bones

• 3.3.9
• Butchery marks and the consumption of meat

• 3.3.10
• Summary of special animal deposits and the identification of ritual animal deposits

• 3.4
• Distribution of ritual deposits in Passewaaijse Hogeweg through time and space

• 3.4.1
• Influence of excavation strategies on distribution of special deposits

• 3.4.2
• Special animal deposits per phase

• 3.4.3
• Distribution of special animal deposits in the settlement

• 3.4.4
• Seasonality of special animal deposits

• 3.5
• Comparison with special deposits from other sites

• 3.5.1
• Special animal deposits from Roman-period settlements in the Netherlands

• 3.5.2
• Parallels in special animal deposits

• 3.6
• Discussion

• 3.6.1
• Research questions

• 3.6.2
• Reconstruction of settlement rituals

• 3.6.3
• Feasting: ritual meals

• 3.6.4
• Further research

• 4
• Animals in Funerary Ritual

• 4.1
• Funerary ritual and the cremation cemetery of Tiel-Passewaaij

• 4.1.1
• The cremation cemetery in Tiel-Passewaaij

• 4.1.2
• The anthropology of funerary ritual

• 4.1.3
• Animals and food in funerary ritual

• 4.1.4
• Roman funerary ritual in western Europe

• 4.2
• Animal remains from the cemetery in Tiel-Passewaaij

• 4.2.1
• Animal remains in cremation graves

• 4.2.2
• Animal remains in grave ditches

• 4.2.3
• Animal remains from the original ground surface

• 4.2.4
• Animal remains from other contexts

• 4.2.5
• Conclusion

• 4.3
• Animals in funerary ritual in Tiel-Passewaaij

• 4.3.1
• The funeral pyre

• 4.3.2
• The burial pit

• 4.3.3
• Ceremonial pits: missing corpse or offering to the ancestors?

• 4.3.4
• Horse and cattle in funerary ritual

• 4.3.5
• Feasting

• 4.3.6
• Conclusion

• 4.4
• Comparison with other sites

• 4.5
• Conclusion

• 5
• Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research

• 5.1
• The roles of animals in a rural community

• 5.1.1
• Economy: changes in animal husbandry and the production of a surplus for a market

• 5.1.2
• Animals in rituals in the settlement Passewaaijse Hogeweg

• 5.1.3
• Animals in funerary ritual

• 5.2
• Animals as a source of evidence for the study of integration into the Roman Empire

• 5.3
• Recommendations for field archaeology

• 5.3.1
• The relaiton between rescue archaeology and academic research

• 5.3.2
• Excavation strategy

• 5.3.3
• Sample size

• 5.4
• Further research

• 5.4.1
• Aspects relating to animals in the Eastern Dutch River Area in need of further research

• 5.4.2
• Integration of zooarchaeological data

• 5.4.3
• The National Resarch Agenda

• References