In Austrvegr

• Preface and Acknowledgements
• p. xi

• List of Figures, Table and Diagrams
• p. xvi

• List of Abbreviations
• p. xx

• 1
• Viking Age Cultural Contacts across the Baltic Sea: Behind the Interpretations
• p. 1

• 1.1
• The Evolutionary Development Model
• p. 4

• 1.2
• Eastern Baltic Achaeology and Concepts of Different Cultural Impacts
• p. 8

• 1.2.1
• Germanic "Culture Carriers" and the Gothic Theory
• p. 9

• 1.2.2
• Discussing Ethnicities-within the Eastern Baltic
• p. 12

• 1.2.3
• Eastern Influences - The Russian Question
• p. 13

• 1.2.4
• Ideas of Scandinavian Impact
• p. 15

• 1.3
• The Character of Communications across the Baltic Sea
• p. 17

• 1.3.1
• Viking Age Trade in Northern Europe
• p. 18

• 1.3.2
• Trade or War? The Character of Viking Age Overseas Interaction
• p. 21

• 1.3.3
• Ethnic Factors in East-West Overseas Interaction
• p. 22

• 1.3.4
• Interpreting the "Scandinavian" in Archaeological Evidence
• p. 24

• 1.4
• Conclusions
• p. 28

• 2
• Clan-Based Collectivists or Hierarchical Individualists? Late Prehistoric Societies in the Eastern Baltic
• p. 29

• 2.1
• Finland
• p. 30

• 2.2
• Estonia
• p. 34

• 2.2.1
• From Egalitarian Society to Deep Social Stratification
• p. 38

• 2.2.2
• Clan Societies with Corporate Power Structures
• p. 41

• 2.3
• Latvia and Lithuania
• p. 45

• 2.3.1
• Latgallian Society
• p. 49

• 2.3.2
• The Livs
• p. 52

• 2.3.3
• Couronia - The Land of Different Ethnicities
• p. 61

• 2.3.4
• Military Societies in Late Prehistoric Latvia
• p. 68

• 2.3.5
• Central Baltic Lands - Semgallia, Zhemaitia, and Selonia
• p. 71

• 2.3.6
• The Rest of Inland Lithuania
• p. 75

• 2.4
• Prussia
• p. 76

• 2.5
• Comparing Social Systems in Different Regions in the Eastern Baltic
• p. 78

• 2.5.1
• Collectivism versus Individuality
• p. 79

• 2.5.2
• Weapons and Warriors
• p. 81

• 2.5.3
• Gender Relations
• p. 82

• 2.5.3.1
• Weapons in Female Graves
• p. 84

• 2.5.3.2
• Matrilineality Written in Legislation?
• p. 86

• 2.6
• Conclusions
• p. 88

• 3
• Making Trade: Cultural Landscapes and Communication Routes
• p. 91

• 3.1
• Maritime Landscapes in Countries around the Baltic
• p. 92

• 3.1.1
• Appecirance of Harbour Sites
• p. 93

• 3.1.2
• Viking Age Maritime Landscapes
• p. 94

• 3.1.3
• Movement of Harbours in the nth-12th Centuries
• p. 95

• 3.2
• Long-distance Trade Routes through the Eastern Baltic
• p. 97

• 3.2.1
• Austrvegr - The Way to the Volga
• p. 97

• 3.2.2
• The Daugava Way
• p. 101

• 3.2.3
• The "Routefrom the Varangians to the Greeks"
• p. 101

• 3.2.4
• Alternative Route through Pskov and Polotsk
• p. 102

• 3.2.5
• Alternative Route through Central Estonian River and Wetland Systems
• p. 104

• 3.2.6
• Routes along Latvian and Lithuanian Medium-sized Rivers
• p. 106

• 3.2.7
• The Amber Way and the Route along the Nemunas (Memel) River
• p. 106

• 3.3
• Travelling along Viking Age Routes
• p. 107

• 3.3.1
• Winter and Early Spring Routes
• p. 107

• 3.3.2
• Choosing the Means of Travel
• p. 109

• 3.3.3
• Near the Coast and at Open Sea
• p. 111

• 3.3.4
• On Inland Waters
• p. 114

• 3.4
• Points in Communication
• p. 117

• 3.4.1
• Early Urban Centres in the Eastern Baltic Lands
• p. 118

• 3.4.2
• Settlements with Hill-forts and Hill-forts as Trade Centres
• p. 121

• 3.4.3
• Harbour Sites and Possible Trade Centres
• p. 126

• 3.5
• Different Modes of Communication in the Eastern Baltic
• p. 130

• 3.5.1
• Culture Contacts and Colonisation
• p. 131

• 3.5.2
• Sphere of Shared Cultural Values in the Northern Half of the Baltic Sea
• p. 132

• 3.5.3
• The Middle Ground in the Southern Half of the Eastern Baltic
• p. 135

• 3.6
• Conclusions
• p. 138

• 4
• The Historical Reality: Places, Place Names, and Ethnonyms in Written Sources
• p. 141

• 4.1
• Estland(s) in the East
• p. 144

• 4.2
• Pre-viking and Viking Age Eastern Baltic in Scandinavian Sources
• p. 152

• 4.2.1
• Austrvegr and Garðaríki
• p. 155

• 4.2.2
• Garðarzíki, Hólmgarðaríki, Rússía
• p. 158

• 4.2.3
• Viking Raids to Garðaríki
• p. 162

• 4.2.4
• Saxo's Mythical World
• p. 165

• 4.2.5
• Finland
• p. 167

• 4.2.6
• Estland
• p. 171

• 4.2.7
• Livland
• p. 174

• 4.2.8
• Kúrland
• p. 177

• 4.2.9
• Kúrland-Samland-Saaremaa
• p. 179

• 4.2.10
• Sam-land and Sam-island
• p. 182

• 4.2.11
• Eastern Baltic Places on Runic Stones
• p. 184

• 4.2.12
• Different Place Names in Different Times
• p. 186

• 4.2.13
• From Common Cultural Milieu to Religious Conflict
• p. 190

• 4.3
• What Was Rus?
• p. 192

• 4.3.1
• Rus' as Ethnonym
• p. 192

• 4.3.2
• First Mention of Rus' - The Story in the Annales Bertiniani
• p. 195

• 4.3.3
• Rus and Saqaliba
• p. 199

• 4.3.4
• Islamic Sources and the Island of Rus
• p. 201

• 4.3.5
• The Legend of Three Brothers
• p. 206

• 4.3.6
• Who Were the Chud'?
• p. 208

• 4.4
• Languages and Personal Names
• p. 211

• 4.5
• Conclusions
• p. 215

• 5
• Networks Take Shape: Communication Through the Eastern Baltic 600-850
• p. 217

• 5.1
• Cultural Situation around the Northern Part of the Baltic Sea
• p. 218

• 5.1.1
• Swedish Warriors in Finland and Estonia?
• p. 218

• 5.1.2
• Eastern Scandinavians' Cultural Impact to the Northern Baltic Shores
• p. 222

• 5.1.3
• First Vikings at Salme
• p. 233

• 5.1.4
• Ynglinga-Kings Adventuring in the East
• p. 240

• 5.2
• Viking Colonies in the Southern Half of the Eastern Baltic
• p. 242

• 5.2.1
• The First Viking Colony in the East - Grobina
• p. 243

• 5.2.2
• Battles for Seeburg and Aputra
• p. 246

• 5.2.3
• Commercial Nodal Point or Agrarian Colonisation?
• p. 249

• 5.2.4
• Centres on the Amber Way
• p. 251

• 5.3
• Pre-viking Period Hill-Forts and Trade Centres along the Eastern Baltic Coast
• p. 255

• 5.3.1
• Pre-viking Age Centres along the Estonian Coast and East of It
• p. 258

• 5.3.2
• Hill-Forts Indicating River-Routes
• p. 263

• 5.4
• Conclusions
• p. 264

• 6
• West Goes East: Viking Age Long-distance Communication and the Eastern Baltic 850-ca. 1000
• p. 266

• 6.1
• Viking Age Centres Connected with International Trade Routes in the Eastern Baltic
• p. 267

• 6.1.1
• Centres Connected with Trade in the Southern Half of the Eastern Baltic
• p. 268

• 6.2
• Cultural Landscapes along the Eastern Way
• p. 270

• 6.2.1
• Viking Age Centre at Iru
• p. 273

• 6.2.2
• Viking Age Centre in the Vicinity of Medieval Tallinn?
• p. 276

• 6.2.3
• The Surroundings of the Tallinn Bay in Written Sources
• p. 279

• 6.2.4
• Hill-Forts and Settlements in the Rest of Northern Estonian Coast
• p. 280

• 6.2.5
• Estonian Northern Coast in Saxo's Mythological Stories?
• p. 285

• 6.2.6
• Hill-Forts in West Estonia and Estonian islands
• p. 288

• 6.2.7
• Vikings both in Sweden and in the Eastern Coasts of the Baltic?
• p. 290

• 6.2.8
• Jewellery from Sýslar in Other Countries
• p. 297

• 6.2.9
• Adventures of a Norwegian Prince in Estland
• p. 300

• 6.2.10
• Inland Estonian Hill-Forts and Settlements
• p. 303

• 6.2.11
• Tableware Mirroring Cultural Contacts
• p. 308

• 6.3
• Cultural Landscapes in the Middle Part of the Eastern Baltic
• p. 310

• 6.3.1
• Hill-Forts and Settlements along the Daugava River
• p. 310

• 6.3.2
• Saxo's Hellespont
• p. 317

• 6.3.3
• Egil's Adventures in Couronia
• p. 321

• 6.3.4
• Changing Burial Customs in Couronia and in the Estuary of the Daugava River
• p. 325

• 6.4
• Coin Finds in the Eastern Baltic
• p. 327

• 6.4.1
• Dirhams
• p. 329

• 6.4.2
• Particularities of Dirham Finds
• p. 332

• 6.4.3
• The End of the Boom in the Eastern Trade
• p. 334

• 6.4.4
• Byzantine Coins in the Eastern Baltic
• p. 337

• 6.5
• Interpreting Routes and Centres in the 9th-10th Centuries
• p. 339

• 6.5.1
• Indicators of Trade Places
• p. 340

• 6.5.2
• Distribution of Silver and Trade Wares
• p. 343

• 6.5.3
• The Long 10th Century
• p. 344

• 6.6
• Conclusions
• p. 346

• 7
• Between Consolidating States: The Eastern Baltic Areas in the nth and 12th Centuries
• p. 348

• 7.1
• Interaction with Scandinavian Kingdoms
• p. 349

• 7.1.1
• Swedish Struggle to Retain Its Dominion in the Eastern Baltic
• p. 349

• 7.1.1.1
• The First Viking Expedition of Prince Óláf
• p. 350

• 7.1.1.2
• King Óláf Skötkonung's Problems with His Overseas Countries
• p. 352

• 7.1.2
• Austurveg-Mew and Christians from the West
• p. 354

• 7.1.2.1
• Pirates from Kúrland and Estland
• p. 357

• 7.1.2.2
• Defeat in Blekinge
• p. 360

• 7.1.2.3
• Attack on Sigtuna
• p. 362

• 7.1.3
• The Beginning of Crusades
• p. 365

• 7.2
• Northern Eastern Baltic in the Final Centuries of Prehistory
• p. 366

• 7.2.1
• North Estonian Harbour Sites and Big Hill-forts
• p. 367

• 7.2.2
• "Towns" and Christians on the Late Prehistoric Estonian Coast
• p. 370

• 7.2.3
• The Prime of the Urnes Style
• p. 371

• 7.2.4
• Political Centres in Inland Estonia
• p. 376

• 7.3
• The East Attacks
• p. 379

• 7.3.1
• Battles for Tartu
• p. 380

• 7.3.2
• Clash between Russian Princes and Syslar
• p. 381

• 7.3.3
• Other Fights between the Chud' and the Princedoms of Novgorod and Pskov
• p. 384

• 7.3.4
• Relations between the Princedom of Novgorod, Karelia, and Finland
• p. 385

• 7.3.5
• Polotsk and the Control of Russian Princes over the Daugava River
• p. 386

• 7.4
• Landscapes around the Daugava Route
• p. 387

• 7.4.1
• Latgallian Hill-forts and Princedoms
• p. 387

• 7.4.2
• Settlements on the Lower Daugava River
• p. 389

• 7.4.3
• Ethnic Diversity in the Cemeteries on the lower Daugava River
• p. 392

• 7.4.4
• Agents of Change in the Lower Reaches of the Daugava River
• p. 398

• 7.4.5
• The Beginning of Riga
• p. 403

• 7.5
• Southern Couronian Coast
• p. 404

• 7.6
• Coins and Trade
• p. 407

• 7.6.1
• Coins and Hoards in the nth-12th Centuries
• p. 408

• 7.6.2
• The Baltic Rim Seen from Sicily
• p. 412

• 7.6.3
• Mercantile Point of View of "Towns" around the Baltic
• p. 415

• 7.7
• Conclusions
• p. 419

• 8
• Summing up and Conclusions
• p. 421

• 8.1
• Two Cultural Spheres in the Eastern Baltic
• p. 422

• 8.2
• The Shared Cultural Sphere of Warriors
• p. 423

• 8.3
• Written Sources and Places on the Eastern Coasts of the Baltic Sea
• p. 424

• 8.4
• Different Periods in the Viking Age
• p. 427

• Bibliography
• p. 431

• Index
• p. 473