Applying the constitution of the Republic of Poland in horizontal relations

• Introduction
• p. 7

• 1
• The Problem of the Horizontal Effect of Constitutional Rights during the Drafting of the Polish Constitution
• p. 13

• 1.1
• The Period Preceding the Drafting of the Constitution
• p. 13

• 1.2
• Solutions Adopted in Drafts of the Constitution
• p. 15

• 1.3
• Discussion on the Inclusion of the Horizontal Effect Clause
• p. 17

• 1.4
• Conclusions Impacting the Interpretation of Constitutional Provisions
• p. 18

• 2
• Holders of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms
• p. 21

• 2.1
• Regulation of Rights and Freedoms in the Polish Constitution
• p. 21

• 2.2
• The Principle of Universal Enjoyment of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms
• p. 24

• 2.3
• Citizen as a Holder of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms
• p. 25

• 2.4
• Special Definitions of Holders of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms
• p. 27

• 2.5
• Question of the Constitutional Personality of Entities Performing the Functions of Public Authorities
• p. 28

• 2.6
• Question of the Constitutional Personality of Public-Sector Economic Entities
• p. 30

• 3
• Direct Application of the Constitution as the Condition for the Horizontal Effect of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms
• p. 35

• 3.1
• Normative Content of the Principle of Direct Application of the Constitution
• p. 35

• 3.2
• The Principle of Direct Application of the Constitution versus the Principle of its Supremacy
• p. 37

• 3.3
• Conditions Underlying the Direct Application of the Constitution
• p. 38

• 3.4
• Forms of Direct Application of the Constitution
• p. 40

• 3.4.1
• Autonomous Application of the Constitution
• p. 40

• 3.4.2
• Co-application of the Constitution and Statutes
• p. 44

• 3.4.3
• Control Application of the Constitution and Statutes
• p. 46

• 3.5
• Exceptions to the Ride of Direct Application of the Constitution
• p. 48

• 4
• The Scope of the Horizontal Effect of Constitutional Rights
• p. 51

• 4.1
• Preliminary Remarks
• p. 51

• 4.2
• The Notion of Collision of Constitutional Rights
• p. 52

• 4.3
• Constitutional Rights as Principles (Optimization Requirements)
• p. 53

• 4.4
• The Principle of Proportionality and Its Importance for the Horizontal Effect of Constitutional Rights
• p. 55

• 4.5
• The Mechanism of Balancing Values Underlying Constitutional Rights
• p. 62

• 4.5.1
• The Notion of Values
• p. 62

• 4.5.2
• Axiological Foundations of the Constitution
• p. 65

• 4.5.3
• Axiology of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms of an Individual
• p. 68

• 4.5.4
• Principles of the Value Balancing Mechanism
• p. 70

• 4.5.5
• The Principle of Respecting Constitutional Rights and Freedoms as a Natural Method of Resolving Collisions of Constitutional Rights
• p. 74

• 4.6
• Closing Remarks
• p. 76

• 5
• Adaptations of Models of the Horizontal Effect of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms in the Polish Constitutional Reality
• p. 79

• 5.1
• The Model of the Direct Horizontal Effect of Constitutional Rights
• p. 80

• 5.1.1
• Preliminary Remarks
• p. 80

• 5.1.2
• Characteristics of the Model Based on Examples of States Where it is Applied
• p. 81

• 5.1.3
• Rights and Freedoms in the Polish Constitution which are Capable of Direct Horizontal Effect
• p. 86

• 5.1.4
• Private Entities as Entities Beholden to Implement Constitutional Rights and Freedoms
• p. 89

• 5.1.5
• Obligations Correlated with Constitutional Rights and Freedoms
• p. 94

• 5.1.6
• Consequences of Infringements of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms by Private Entities
• p. 97

• 5.1.7
• Closing Remarks
• p. 104

• 5.2
• The Model of the Indirect Horizontal Effect of Constitutional Rights
• p. 105

• 5.2.1
• Preliminary Remarks
• p. 105

• 5.2.2
• Characteristics of the Model Based on Examples of States Where it is Applied
• p. 106

• 5.2.3
• Transposition of Constitutional Values into Private Law as a Result of the Direct Application of the Polish Constitution
• p. 109

• 5.2.3.1
• Basic Assumptions of the Constitutional Values Radiating Effect
• p. 109

• 5.2.3.2
• The Role of General Clauses and Other Indeterminate Phrases
• p. 110

• 5.2.3.3
• Co-Application of the Constitution and Statutes as a Method of Endowing General Clauses and Other Indeterminate Phrases with Contents
• p. 116

• 5.2.3.4
• The Court as the Authority Transposing Constitutional Values into Private Law
• p. 118

• 5.2.3.5
• Controlling the Manner of Transposing Constitutional Values into Private Law
• p. 119

• 5.2.3.6
• Closing Remarks
• p. 122

• 5.3
• The Model of the State's Protective Obligations in Horizontal Relations
• p. 122

• 5.3.1
• Preliminary Remarks
• p. 122

• 5.3.2
• Characteristics of the Model Based on Example of State Where it is Applied
• p. 124

• 5.3.3
• The State as an Entity Beholden to Implement Constitutional Rights and Freedoms
• p. 126

• 5.3.4
• Positive Character of the State's Obligation to Protect Constitutional Rights and Freedoms of Individuals
• p. 128

• 5.3.5
• Obligation for the State to Protect the Weaker Party to the Horizontal Relation
• p. 132

• 5.3.6
• Closing Remarks
• p. 136

• Conclusion
• p. 139

• Bibliography
• p. 143