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Over the past two decades, in the wake of the postcommunist transition, the emergence of Romani activism has been an important development accompanying political changes in Central and Eastern Europe. Alongside the emergence of Romani associations, international NGOs have been increasingly involved in the struggle against discrimination toward Roma. A field specializing in the so-called Roma issue has developed, comprising non-governmental and intergovernmental organizations, expert bodies, foundations, and activists.

This text discusses the emergence of the transitional Roma movement and the genesis of the Roma issue in international politics. In the framework of a historical overview, the main actors speaking on behalf of Roma are presented, from the medieval Gypsy Kings to the contemporary European Roma and Traveller Forum.